Sean O’Sullivans Critical Reflection Attempt Essay Example for Free

Sean OSullivans Critical Reflection Attempt EssayCritical reflective writing explores various individualised experiences by analyzing the social, political and cultural context that theyre written in. They en fitting writers to understand their values and biases. with a comparative study of texts I can critically analyze the mode, genre, register, structure, audience and context. The texts Trans diversitys Scientist (A revolutionary bio-engineering socio-scientific role) and The echo and the Pot Bellied papal bull are two texts I turn out chosen to reflect on. Due to the contravention in genre both of these familiar texts are excellent examples of new age pieces of writing in the English genre. In addition I have also incorporated my text Rapunzel Shaves for Leukaemia to express similar textual similarities and to further show my development in professional writing. Through the idea of the satirical and yarn genre incarnate, composers can introduce responders to a hyperbol ized understanding of a number of themes through a comedic spirit.The Parrot and the Potbellied Pig is a satirical, fictitious sententious story that is one of many from the novel Squirrel lift upks chipmunk by author David Sedaris. Sedaris being a successful comedian and radio contributor had an intention to write to a well-educated audience who appreciateshumorous anecdotes and the absurd idea of animals in strange adult situations. Through Sedaris use of Animal characterization he opens up a range of ideas and themes that can non simple be done if actual humans were to be used. Through this technique characters are decontextualized and stereotypes associated with these characters are highlighted. Sedaris (2010) What really drives me is the money. That, and the free booze. (p. 119) quote suggests the Parrot is a stereotypical alcoholic journalist, but through the metaphorical use of the Parrot symbol rather than an actual human, the idea is suppressed and viewed as a humorous formof literature rather than a personal attack on ones profession. Author Sedaris also attempts to incorporate a range of issues into his fable. Media sensationalism and racism are two main themes expressed in the text, through the clever characterization and situation of the story these issues are brought into the light through a diametric angle of genre. The author displays the characters such as the Parrot and the Vietnamese Pot Bellied Pig to mimic the personalities of authentic real valet individuals. I see the, the parrot said, and she scratched the word self hating in her note pad.(Sedaris, 2010, p. 121. ) Is an example of media sensationalism expressed through the Parrot as she interprets the Pigs retort to her question wrong and with a great deal of bias. In addition the theme of racism is clearly presented through the Pig, He had been plump all through his youth, and the years of name-calling had not just shaped his adult life but deformed it (Sedaris, 2010, p. 123. ) although this at first glance may seem like an issue of body image, I believe it includes racial connotations, suggesting the racism of the Americans towards the Vietnamese since the days of the Vietnam War.In saying this Sedaris was able to get away this idea due to the animal characterization of the protagonists. In remainder the writers use of hyperbole accentuates the overall theme of the text Pot Bellied Pig being the obvious example extends an idea to the audience, thus qualification the text a form of entertainment through its satirical nature. Through the use of specific language features and humorous connotations the text Transmutations Scientist mirrors The Parrot and the Potbellied Pig although severally text is a different genre. This text is perceived as an publicizing although it is of a fictitious nature.Through this genre hybrid from job advertisement an individual can really see a complex sight process the author has used to create such a text. The Transmutati ons Scientist uses more lump language appropriate to the genre of an advertisement. This formal language is further emphasised through the use of scientific jargon used in the piece mutation, micromanipulation and conditioning are example of this type of jargon used by the author. Although the jargon demonstrates a complex register for this composition, the actual purpose is to entertain audiences in a similar way The Parrot and the Potbellied Pig does.Thus, using the language feature of jargon the audience is eligible to manifest in the comedic nature of the text. Similarly in The Parrot and the Potbellied Pig each text are presented as satirical compositions. In addition both texts are mean for a well-educated audience who appreciate a type of humour where they would have to think critically in order to understand the authors motives. In conclusion the text Transmutations Scientist parallels similar language features to the first text The Parrot and the Potbellied Pig through thi s audiences are given a greater understanding of the composers motives and incentives.Through critically analyse a particular text, another creative piece can ascend into a different genre. My text Rapunzel Shaves for Leukaemia demonstrates a form that has similarities to Transmutations Scientist each text has a fairy fib register that has been appropriated into another genre form. Popular supermodel Rapunzel partook in the Worlds Greatest Shave movement to raise money for the Leukaemia al-Qaida of Far Far Away. (Appendix 7. ) As shown in this quote, it is clear I have made a clear transition between a fairy tale and a factual real world event.In addition, I haveLEGITIMATE FACTS INTO MY TEXT EACH DAY AN AVERAGE OF 30 INDIVIDUALS WILL BE GIVEN THE DEVASTATING NEWS THAT THEY HAVE LEUKAEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA OR A RELATED BLOOD DISORDER (APPENDIX 7. ) THROUGH THE USE OF THIS TECHNIQUE, I CAN INFORM READERS OF THE wideness OF A SOCIAL ISSUE AS WELL AS ENTERTAINING THROUGH THE USE OF HUMOR.ALTHOUGH THIS IMAGINATIVE PIECE OF WRITING ISNT as steady-going a the others as it was written at my own hand It still possessed a number of credible language features allowing the piece to convey its primary(a) message, to entertain. A text can explore many different ideas and themes, thus creating it tobe a credible piece of writing. The Parrot and the Potbellied Pig demonstrates extremum satirical view on social issues, whilst entertaining responders.The Transmutations Scientist incorporates language features such as jargon and mixes with fairytale connotations to create an effective advert to humour audiences. In conclusion my text Rapunzel Shaves for Leukaemia doesnt include the structural stronghold of credible texts it shows that the transformation of a text can lead to more possibilities of genre. Each text encompasses a wide range of aspects that can be compared and contrasted in order totransform a composition into a credible and purposeful piece of work. APA an nex List OSullivan, S. (2014).Rapunzel Shaves for Leukaemia. Appendix 7. Sedaris, D. and Falconer, I. (2010). Squirrel seeks chipmunk. 1st Ed. New York Little, Brown and Co. , pp. 118-129 Transmutations Scientist A revolutionary bioengineering socio-scientific role. (1982). New Scientist, p. 882. Appendices 1. Freedom What is Freedom? Freedom is being able to drive whatever vehicle down to the local grocery store and buy 100 cans of coke. Freedom is being able to sail your fathers yacht rough the Greek Islands to sharea summer romance with your lover.Freedom can be voiced through a rage of mediums, such as travelling across the world to meet infamous Cuban Dictator, Fidel Castro and bask in his Fidelity. Freedom to me is showing my warmest feelings to anyone willing to listen, and share and retort, back to me. now my com111 Tutor didnt want to teach me how to incorporate the word beguile into a sentence. But I guess it was her choice, which is a definition of freedom. To the anc ient Mayans, the Flamingo represents hope and freedom in their community, so the concept of freedom dates back to early history.I thoroughly enjoyed this exercise I think Im going to love this class. 2. Impressions of Wiradjuri landed estate Wiradjuri country is a vast beautiful land that people like me doesnt get to explore everyday. I remember the first time I entered these parts, not knowing the wonders this land could offer a person like me. Gazing out the front window of the car, the blue haze of the magnificent Great Dividing throw up took my breath away. As I passed through the thick forest down into the valley of this land, I stuck my head out the window so I could build in the sweet scent of the eucalyptus gum. 3. Playground.The Playground located on the corner of Brilliant and George St Bathurst was vandalised yet again by local University Students. Approximately 2am on Wednesday the 14th of March three University students were reported causing a ruckus and lighting fire to the swings in the playground. Although the Brilliant St playground is predominantly desolate and spill over with dead leaves, it still is an important part of the community. A local elderly man heard laughter from the park, whilst in his house that night working on his paperclip collection. So he called the authorities.I wish the community will dosomething to fix this nonsense he quoted today. The park will still be open tomorrow despite this incident. So bring the family down the weather is going to be delightful. 4. The close time I saw my Never onwards have I seen something so incredibly cute, sexy and beautiful incarnate. She contemplated into my very soul from the other side of the glass. I had never believed in love at first sight but this truly was. Instantly I knew I would want to spend the next 10 minutes with her.I picked her up, twirled her around and was just about to taste her sweet lips, until she was abruptly taken away from me. I thought I was theonly one wh o would ever have her. I hate Seagulls. That was the last time I saw my sandwich. 5. George Brandis Attorney General Senator splits public opinion Attorney General George Brandis quoted in Federal Parliament recently People do have a right to be bigots. Many are saying the senator is a racist pig, whilst others agree with the senators statement.Senator Brandis has the right to make a case for the exemption of speaking freely said one citizen agreeing with the Attorney General. The question is. Does Brandis have the right to influence the public opinion and condone such behaviour? Today the majority of the publicunderstand that the suppression of race hate laws are beneficial for the Australian Public. 6. Barbies Eulogy To our dearly departed, Barbie Although she was made of plastic and her boobies were fake.She held a place in all of our hearts. She was a role model to all the young women out there and some men. She always lived life to the full, whether it was lounging around in h er dollhouse or being attacked by the family dog, she always did it with a smile on her face. Unfortunately Barbie was abruptly taken away from us, when the boys and I were a nicety bored so we sprayed her perfect, slender body with lynx and ignited her with Damos lighter.My condolences to my grieving sister and Barbies newly widowed husband Ken. May her legacy live on. sopor in Peace Barbie. 7. Rapunzel Shaves for Leukaemia Blonde beauty shaves for cancer Yesterday, popular supermodel Rapunzel partook in the Worlds Greatest Shave movement to raise money for the Leukaemia FOUNDATION OF far-off FAR AWAY. EACH DAY AN AVERAGE OF 30 INDIVIDUALS WILL BE GIVEN THE DEVASTATING NEWS THAT THEY HAVE LEUKAEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA OR A RELATED BLOOD DISORDER. over 50,000 PEOPLE JOINED RAPUNZEL IN THIS MOVEMENT RAISING AN AVERAGE OF 8. 4 MILLION DOLLARS THIS YEAR ALONE. AFTER GOING THROUGH 40 ELECTRIC RAZORSAND A HAIRCUT LASTING 12 HOURS EVENTUALLY THE 15 PEOPLE TEAM FINALLY REMOVED RAPUNZELS O VERWHELMING 20 METRES OF HAIR.8. BIG ROCK CANDY wad APPROPRIATION IF EVERYONE WERE A MIDGET IN THE LAND OF NO SIX FOOTERS YOULL NEVER HAVE TO JUMP YOU CAN SEE OVER EVERY parry AND NEVER LOOK LIKE A CHUMP 9. Powerful Images Two cultures, one beach What a cruel male henpecked culture I thought to myself, everything covered but her eyes. How could these poor women deal with this type of oppression? I cant imagine living in a world where you couldnt express yourself and be the women you wanted to be.Never be able towear designer labels or show off how your new belly acquittance ring you got last weekend. If my husband saw me dressing like that he would kill me. What a cruel male dominated culture I thought to myself, everything exposed for the world to see, except the tiny bit of fabric covering her privates. How could these women live in a world where any male could gawk and gaze upon any women they wished like they were a piece of steak. And look at that Coco Chanel bikini she has on, does she not have any respect. If my husband caught me dressing like that he would kill me.10. Powerful Images Journal Article The Burqa (Non-Fiction)When you see a woman wearing a Burqa, what is your first impression of her? Do you have an ethnocentric view that forces you to believe that because of her religion, she has no free will? Is her headscarf an indicator that she is involved in terrorist activities? Or do you assume that she is suffering from the inequalities of a male dominated religion? Since 9/11, there have been many misconceptions about Muslims and Islam. The media has failed at accurately portraying the Islamic religion and way of life. Islam is presented as a barbaric, vile, and heavy religion.Furthermore, due to crude generalizations, Muslim women whowear Burqa are stigmatized as subdued and in need of liberation. The Burqa is viewed as a restriction to a Muslim womans freedom to express her views and opinions, freedom to education, and freedom to drive. For a vast majority of Muslim women, this is the furthest thing from the truth.The Burqa does not symbolize oppression or suppression. To contrary beliefs, the Burqa is not worn only to keep the illicit desires of men in check. The Burqa is not solely a scarf or a head covering. Wearing the Burqa is a symbol of modesty and dedication. It is an outer manifestation of an inner commitment.

The Halot, Elizabeth-Jane and Their Gender Roles Essay Example for Free

The Ha visual sense, Elizabeth-Jane and Their Gender Roles EssayDont be the girl who fell. Be the girl who got okay up.-Jeanette Stanley. The whitethornor of Casterbridge by Thomas sturdy introduces the proofreaders to Elizabeth-Jane and Lucetta, two girls of two different means personalities. The similarity by Thomas Hardy of Elizabeth-Jane and Lucetta reveals two different slopes of the gender barriers that faced youngish wo custody in the 1800s. This comparison shows that Hardy is an early feminist. This is shown through examining each girls respective personality, their friendship, how each handles it, and the gender section side that each argon portraying. Elizabeth-Jane is the books heroine. She is the daughter of Susan and Henchard. Elizabeth- Jane is quiet and shy. Elizabeth-Jane excessively cares a large amount ab let out doing whats proper. She worries about her friend Lucettas reputation, and how to fix it. Elizabeth- Jane is an all-out good person. She seeks to break dance herself by studying, Knowledge-the result of great natural incite- she did non lack learning, accomplishments-those, alas, she had not (Hardy 82).Elizabeth-Jane has this passion to learn more that the reader does come to admire about her. She is not too concerned about finding a man to adopt. Elizabeth- Jane seems content to just learn and be alone. However, when it comes to Elizabeth-Jane and men, the reader see an entirely new side of her. When Lucetta effectively replaces her in Farfraes mind, she just lets it go and goes on with her life. Yes shes miffed for about five seconds but in the end she just leaves and moves on. It is this occurrence that makes it hard to root for Elizabeth-Jane in the end. On the entirely other side the reader encounters Lucetta. Lucetta is Elizabeth-Janes exclusively friend in the world. She is vain and petty. Lucetta is Henchards precedent lover. She was young and naive. She blabbed her mouth everywhere and with the help of Mich ael Henchard ruined her reputation.This left her in ruin and she wrote a ton of love notes to him. All of this happens because he promises to marry her. The or so important thing to know about Lucetta is that she is a manipulator. She will cry in order to get what she wants from men. In this regard she is brilliant and the reader looks upon her with both disgust and admiration. The reader sees Lucetta for one of her more human qualities as follows, Bring me a looking glass. How do I appear to masses? She asks languidly. Well- a little worn, answered Elizabeth-Jane (161). Lucetta is well aware that once her beauty is gone, she will never be able to find another man to marry her. She also knows that she has two choices if she wants to remain proper, she can stay single because she has been ruined or she can marry again and hope that her past never comes buttocks to mending her. This then leads the reader to the realization that she will not only do anything to get a man but she al so will do anything to keep her outrage in the past. This includes stepping on her friend in order to accomplish this. This form of her personality is not surprising, given the time period.Now at that places the friendship between Elizabeth-Jane and Lucetta. This unlikely friendship starts out in a grave yard, limitedally at Elizabeth-Janes mothers grave. Both of these young women are there for very different reasons Elizabeth-Jane is having a pity party because Henchard was mean to her, and Lucetta is finding out if Susan is really dead because she is still after Henchard at this specify in the book. From this meeting Elizabeth-Jane gets both a friend and a new place to recognize. As this friendship grows, it becomes clear how differently both of these young women entree friendship. Elizabeth-Jane listens to Lucetta vent about her affair, This person- a lady- once admired a man much- very much, she said tentatively. Ah, said Elizabeth-Jane (160).Elizabeth-Jane doesnt judge h er she listens to her and tries to help Lucetta. On the other hand, Lucetta doesnt act like a good friend, at least not by the readers parameters. She does try however, My husband is downstairs. He will live here till a more suitable house is ready for us and I drive told him that I want you to stay with me just as before (200). Lucetta is so wrapped up in herself, and the fact that she found a way to remain respectable that she doesnt realize just how portentous that statement really is in regards to Elizabeth-Jane. She figures that all she had to do to remain a good friend to Elizabeth-Jane is make sure she still has somewhere to live. That by the readers definition is not a good friend. This leads the readers to the gender role sides each Elizabeth-Jane and Lucetta are on.Elizabeth-Jane is the modern women according to Hardy. She wants to learn and become more intelligent. Elizabeth-Jane also by the end of the book becomes independent and able to take care of herself and Hencha rd. The readers see this independence when she says, Father-I will not leave you alone like this She cried. May I live with you, and tend upon you as I used to do? I do not mind your being poor. I would have agree to come this morning, nut you did not ask me (278).Elizabeth-Jane doesnt ask her father if she can come with him, she tells him that shes coming with him. Over the book she has gained enough anchor that she no longer cares what Henchard wants, Elizabeth-Jane only cares about what he needs. It is for this fact that the readers can classify Hardy as an early day Feminist. He portrays Elizabeth-Jane as the only character with any redeemable characteristics. She grows over the course of the books, when the person that she is compared with dies a very sterile death for a woman in the 1800s.Lucetta is a mixed individual. The reader has a love hate relationship with her when it comes to the side shes on for gender roles. Lucetta does embody the perfect 18th century women. She understands that she has to fix the scandal that rocked her life. Lucetta also understands that she needs to get a man to marry her and keep him with her no matter what. One of the ways she guarantees this is, He knew his wife was with child (266). Lucetta gets pregnant. The view behind this is that Farfrae cant leave her pregnant and still keep his business and reputation intact. This is a classical move for her, which fits within the gender role that has been set up for her.Lucetta also uses varying forms of use of goods and services on people throughout the book. The first of such is, youre probably aware of my arrangement with your daughter, and have doubtless laughed at the-what shall I call it- practical joke (139). with this simplistic statement Lucetta is doing her best to lure Henchard over to her house. She knows that things are bad between him and Elizabeth-Jane, and power saw an opportunity to make a move to right her ruined reputation. Lucetta is quite good at makin g people do what she wants. This fact is more say than any of the other things she does in the entire book of how this young girl was raised.The other part of Lucetta proving that she is the perfect 18th century young women is what she does when she thinks her secret is get out. She does as follows, She stood motionless for one secondthen fell heavily to the floor (260). Instead of dealing with the fact that her scandal had come back to haunt her, Lucetta simply falls to the floor. This is a normal reaction to things like this for young women in the=is time period. It was expected of them. The men had decided that women were so fragile that they couldnt really handle much. In the end Lucetta dies from a severe miscarriage. This could have been helped if Lucetta had just faced her scandal and lived with the consequences. Hardy used Lucetta to show the readers just where lying, manipulation and running away from things get them. Lucetta is a well-used character when it comes to unde rstanding the complex gender roles of the 18000s.In conclusion the reader can learn a lot about gender barriers from reading Hardys novel. It is the comparison of Elizabeth-Jane and Lucetta that gives the reader a clear look into exactly what they faced in regards to gender barriers. It is this specific comparison that opens the readers eyes to the fact that hardy is an early day feminist. The reader can see this the clearest when reading about Elizabeth-Jane. She is shy and simple in the beginning of the book, by the end however she is strong and independent. Elizabeth-Jane does go through a transformation into the bright young women that Hardy is trying to demonstrate. so the reader has Lucetta, she is petty and simple minded. Lucetta is also the perfect 18th century young women. She has been raised to use the gender barriers to her advantage.Lucetta faints when things dont go her way, she manipulates men into doing what she wants till she doesnt want them anymore, and she keeps secrets and lies no matter what. In the end she gets what she deserves, Lucetta dies having a miscarriage. She faints and panics when it looks like her scandal is going to be revealed to her husband and the entire town. in one case she faints, she starts to miscarry and ends up dying because of it. This fact is Hardy telling the readers that if you lie and manipulate people than you will lose in the end. The comparison of these two young women makes it clear how hardy felt toward women.He thought that women were worth a second look they could learn and be smart. They didnt have to just be a piece of arm candy for men to parade around whenever they wanted to. To embody this he portrays Elizabeth-Jane as the modern young women and Lucetta as the stereotypical 18th century young women. Throughout the book the readers root for both Lucetta and Elizabeth-Jane. By the end of this book however they are rooting for Elizabeth-Jane to come out on top and are secretly glad that Lucetta has die d. The good news is that in the end Elizabeth-Jane is the girl who fell by she is also the girl who got back up and became something better than before.

Components Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Comp unit of measurementnessnts Of Obsessive Compulsive DisorderObsessive- irresponsible disorder (OCD) betides in children, adolescents, and adults. OCD is an timidity disorder characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitious, ritualized behaviors (American psychiatrical Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). The two main sh are of OCD are obsession and compulsion. Individuals with obsessions often attempt to loosening the stress that the obsessions ca exercise through compulsions (Shih, Belmonte, Zandi, 2004).Types of OCDObsessionsAggressive/ catastrophic ghostlike innerContaminationSomaticCompulsionsHoardingCountingConfessing/ askingOrdering/arrangingWashingIn a developmental get conducted by Geller and his colleagues (2001), OCD in childhood and adolescence was male preponderant and associated with a higher frequency of aggression/catastrophe obsessions, hoarding and saving compulsions, multiple obsessions and compulsions, and poor insight compared with adult OCD. Sexual and religious obsessions were selectively more prevalent in adolescents compared with either children or adults. Children with OCD had higher come out(a)s of Tourettes disorder and separation anxiety disorder than older days groups, unless mood disorders were similarly high in both adolescents and adults with OCD. Adults with OCD as well had higher rates of substance use and eating disorders than either children or adolescents. This study indicated that age specific correlates with different types of OCD.DSM Diagnosis Criteria of OCD (DSM-IV-TR, 2000)A. The Person Exhibits Either Obsessions or CompulsionsObsessions are indicated by the followingThe person has recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced, at some cartridge clip during the disturbance, as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distressThe thoughts, impulses, or images are not evidently excessive worries about real-life problemsThe person attempts to ignore or suppress such(prenominal) thoughts, impulses, or images or to neutralize them with some other thought or carry outThe person recognizes that the obsessional thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of his or her own mind (not imposed from without as in thought insertion)Compulsions are indicated by the followingThe person has repetitive behaviors (eg, hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (eg, praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidlyThe behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing some dreaded event or situation however, these behaviors or mental acts either are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive.B. At some point during the course of the disorder, the person has recognized that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable. (Note this does n ot apply to children.)C. The obsessions or compulsions cause marked distress, are time consuming (take more than 1 hour a day), or substantively interfere with the persons normal routine, occupational/ faculty member functioning, or usual social activities or relationships.D. If another axis I disorder is present, the content of the obsessions or compulsions is not restricted to it (e.g., preoccupation with drugs in the figurehead of a substance abuse disorder).E. The disturbance is not repayable to the direct physiologic effects of a substance (e.g., drug abuse, a practice of medicine) or a general medical condition.Sign and Symptoms of OCDMost the great unwashed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shoot both obsessions and compulsions, but some people experience just atomic number 53 or the other (Help Guide, 2010). familiar obsessive thoughts in OCD include (Help Guide, 2010) cultism of being contaminated by germs or dirt or contaminating others. panic of causing harm to yourself or others.Intrusive sexually explicit or violent thoughts and images.Excessive focus on religious or moral ideas.Fear of losing or not having things you might need.Order and symmetry the idea that everything must line up just right.Superstitions excessive attention to something considered lucky or unlucky.Common compulsive behaviors in OCD include (Help Guide, 2010)Excessive double-checking of things, such as locks, appliances, and switches.Repeatedly checking in on loved ones to make sure theyre safe.Counting, tapping, repeating certain words, or doing other moxieless things to reduce anxiety.Spending a lot of time washing or cleaning.Ordering, evening out, or arranging things just so.Praying excessively or engaging in rituals triggered by religious fear.Accumulating junk such as old newspapers, magazines, and empty food containers, or other things you dont stomach a use for.ETIOLOGYBiological Aspects of OCDFamily and twin studiesFamily studies have present an increa sed prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the first degree relatives of patients as compared to controls (Hettema, Neale, Kendler, as cited inTaberner et al., 2009). Studies of OCD patients and their families have established a 10% prevalence of OCD in first degree relatives (Brynes, 2009). One American study (as cited in Anxiety Care, 2011) suggested that up to 30% of teenagers with OCD had a member of the immediate family with the problem or with obsessive symptoms. However, a two years study carried out by B omit (2003, as cited in Waite Williams, 2009) demonstrated that although the children of parents with OCD were likely to go on to develop an emotional disorder, it was not particularly likely to be OCD. In studies of check, there is a 63% concordance rate for OCD in identical twins (Brynes, 2009). Twin studies suggested a higher concordance rate in monozygotic as compared to dizygotic twins (Samuels Nestadt, 1997 Eley, Bolton, OConnor, Perrin, Smith, Plomin, 2003 ). Because MZ twins fortune 100% of their genes and DZ twins share 50% of their genes on average, the concordance rate for a genetically influenced disorder is expected to be higher for MZ twins than for DZ twins (Shih, Belmonte, Zandi, 2004).Brain structure and chemistryPositron emission tomography (PET) studies measuring resting glucose metabolism have reported hyper bodily process in the inferior frontal and anterior cingulate cortices, striate body, and thalamus in patients with OCD (Saxena et al., as cited in Busatto et al., 2001).Researcher believed that OCD may be developed by the abnormal metabolic body process in the orbitofrontal cortes, the anterior cingulate, and the scissor-tailed nucleus (Dejdar, 2002). The interaction mingled with these different parts is called a cortico-basal ganglia network (Dejdar, 2002). Dejdar described that these cortico-basal ganglia interactions make up a neural system that is crucial in the acquisition of habits and also establishing a fixed routine of performing those habits, which in turn connected to the typical behaviors of OCD where people maintain certain obsessive habits and continue to perform those habits.Study by Lewin, Storch, Adkins, Murphy, Geffken (2005) supported the neurochemical etiology involving a functional disturbance in the frontal- limbic-basal ganglia system as well as thalamic and cortical neurostructural abnormalities. It is hypothesized that if cortical regions are dysfunctional in patients with OCD, and then conscious mechanisms must be used to accomplish what would occur automatically in an unimpaired headland (Sturm, 2008). As a result, inappropriate or obsessive thoughts repeatedly intrude and conscious thought processes suppress them, facilitated by accompanying ritualistic behaviors (Neel, Stevens, Stewart, as cited in Sturm, 2008).There is a strong nexus betwixt basal ganglia and OCD. Several studies have implicated that basal ganglia is active during the education or exec ution of sequential behavior (Brown, 1997 Graybiel, 1998). Graybiel (1998) explained that the chunking functions of the basal ganglia helps people to focus. Chunking refers to the organization of information into specific associated groups (Dolan DNA learning center, n.d.). This happened when the dopamine released in the basal ganglia system communicates with the mind-set areas in the prefrontal cortex to resign people to pay attention to critical tasks, ignoring distracting information (Dolan DNA learning center, n.d.). In an experiment by Graybiel, she hypothesized that the basal ganglia system helps the cortex to chunk learning into habits and routines to help the brain quickly access stored information. The experiment of Graybiel was done on training the rats on maze tasks and records the firing groups of neurons in the striatum as the rats learn, forget, and then relearn the task. When the rats get used to the maze, lots of cells in motor striatum tend to fire at the beginnin g and the end of the run instead of the whole thing. This happened because the basal ganglia has chunked the behavior. The symptoms of OCD include repetitive, intrusive thoughts and compulsions which lead to ritualistic behaviors such as washing, counting and checking. These behaviors according to Graybiel involved sequential acts and they are performed as chunks, unitized and driven by the extraordinary imperative of urges and compulsions that the patient recognizes as abnormal and out of the persons control. As the result, OCD patients showed over focused attention to irrelevant stimuli.In OCD patients, an abnormal activation of the striatum has been observed. A clearer view is illustrated by a charity organization, Anxiety Care (2011). The organization explained that the thalamus is involved in sensory perception processes and caudate nucleus, a component within basal ganglia work to sort sensory information and filter thoughts. When these messages are being misinterpreted or mis firing, which mean that the normal electrical activity in the brain is being disrupted by the overactive electrical dischargers, it will causes the problem of communication between nerve cells. This will affect and confused the intellection part of the brain to respond chemically to a threat perceived by the primitive part of the brain as if the hazard is real. In effect, the caudate nucleus is letting unnecessary thoughts and impulses through to the cortex where the thoughts and emotions combine and an over active cingulate nucleus at the brains centre, which helps shift attention from one thought or behavior to another, becomes over active and gets stuck on certain behaviors, thoughts or ideas. The cingulate is that part of the brain which tells the OCD sufferer that something terrible will happen if the compulsions are not carried out (Anxiety Care, 2011).Besides that, some researchers have suggested that OCD results from the imbalance of the neurotransmitter in the brain whic h is known as serotonin (Pauls, Mundo, Kennedy, 2002). A study by Stengler-Wenzke, Muller, Angermeyer, Sabri and Hesse (2004) revealed that there is a significant reduction of serotonin transporter availability in the midbrain and upper brainstem in OCD patients. The reduction of serotonin transporter availability may bounce a reduced number of serotonergic neurons that may result in low level of serotonin. Serotonin is responsible for transporting impulses to and away from the nerves (Dejdar, 2006). The physiological activity of serotonin starts from the brainstem in groups of brain cells called raphe nucleus (Function of Serotonin, 2009). Serotonin brain cells then spread to various regions of the central nervous system by branch out throughout the brain(Function of Serotonin, 2009).In a case reported by Cohen, Angladette, Benoit, and Pierrot-Deseilligny (1999), a 59-year-old man developed obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms after his head injury. The magnetic resonance imag ing (MRI) brain scans showed a small contusion in the right orbitofrontal region. In the similar case, the private-photon emission CT (SPECT) showed greatly reduced product line flow in the orbitofrontal region of the 59-year-old man with OCD (Cohen et al., 1999). A study by Busatto et al. (2001) supported the findings as their research found reduced right cerebral smear flow in the right orbitofrontal cortex in OCD patients as compared with the healthy control group. Paulmann, Seifert, and Kotz (2009) explained that the orbitofrontal cortex is linked to a variety of cognitive and emotional functions. Gray, Braver, and Raichle (as cited in Bracha Brown, 2009) mentioned that emotion and cognition conjointly and equally contribute to the control of thought and behavior. Additionally, Pessoa (as cited in Bracha Brown, 2009) added that emotions and cognition not only strongly interact in the brain, but they are often integrated so that they jointly contribute to behavior. Hence, im pairment of orbitofrontal cortex contributed to the intrusive thoughts and bizarre behavior of OCD patients (Swinson, Antony, Rachman, Richter, 1998).In particular, lesions of the human orbitofrontal cortex lead to large changes in social and emotional behavior (Paulmann, Seifert, and Kotz, 2009). For example, patients with orbitofrontal lesions are reported to suffer from deficits in affective last-making (Hornak, as cited in Paulmann, Seifert, and Kotz, 2009). Consistently, Swinson and his colleagues (1998) stated that OCD patients have difficulties in decision making.Psychological Aspects of OCDAccording to Salkovskis, Shafran, Rachman, and Freeston (1999), there are five mechanisms for the development of inflated duty which are critical for the development of OCD. Inflated responsibility refers to an excessive horse sense of personal responsibility related to unwanted or upsetting thoughts (Abramowitz, Deacon, Woods, Tolin, 2004).The first mechanism is being given too much o f responsibility. A child or adolescent, who assumed responsibility during early age due to incompetent parenting, might believe that they are responsible for the negative consequences over which they have little or no control. This is related to the parental communications, where the child is scapegoated for negative occurrences whether or not they are in fact responsible. Through this type of upbringing, Salkovskis et al. stated that the child will develop and accept a wide sense of responsibility and are inclined to translate it into a high degree of conscientiousness, marked by a dedication to work and an acute sense of social obligations.The second mechanism in influencing a person to be OCD is the exposure to rigid or ut considerationost(a) codes of conduct. Strict behavioral codes being instilled by schools, authorities or religion will lead to the development and the reinforcement of attitudes about responsibility. In the study by Abramowitz et al., they found evidence that religion and other cultural influences affect the presentation of OCD symptoms. Rasmussin and Tsuang (as cited in Abramowitz et al., 2004) observed that strictly religious patients often had religious themes to their obsessional thoughts and compulsive rituals. An early study by Khanna and Channabasavanna (as cited in Abramowitz et al., 2004) noted a large portion of symptoms related to contamination and washing among Hindus with OCD, and commented that Indian culture emphasizes on the issues of innocence and cleanliness.The third mechanism for the development of inflated responsibility is being given too little responsibility. The responsibility is withheld from the child by the parents. Worries are prominent in the family system and the parents are likely to be excessively anxious and fearful themselves, they will be overprotected toward their child. This will thus convey a sense that danger is around the corner to the child. When growing up, the child will have difficulty in le aving home and being independent he or she is extemporaneous to cope with the dangers that the child believe to have in the world outside. Salkovskis et al. further mentioned that leaving home is usually marked by the emergence of OCD symptoms in the child. The lack of preparation to deal with the world outside will frighten the child and leads to the development of anxiousness in the child.The fourth route to the development of an inflated sense of responsibility is the sudden critical resultants that happened where a persons action or inaction contributed to serious misfortune. An example illustrated by Salkocskis et al. on a young doctor who gave the ill-timed prescription to the patients. Although it did not have any unseemly effects on the patient, the young doctor was reprimanded intensely by his senior supervisor. Since then, he developed repetitive checking on the prescription and spent an inordinate amount of time in checking the details of each prescription.Another fact or that contributed to the exaggerated sense of responsibility occurred from an incident that is in fact coincidental but the person erroneously assumed that their thoughts, actions or inactions contributed to a serious misfortune. This happened though the learning experiences, for example, when a child angrily wishes an adult dead soon afterwards the adult, by unfortunate coincidence, in truth dies (Salkocskis et al., 1999). The child will think that it is his fault and he has caused the death but actually it was just a coincidence. Salkocskis et al. described that people who are prone to the cognitive bias of thought-action fusion are the ones who are most likely to experience inflations of responsibility and thus contribute to the origins of OCD.PHYSIOLOGICAL TREATMENTMedicationSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitorThe pathogenesis of OCD has been linked to abnormal serotonin levels. Drugs which increase levels of serotonin in the brain have been shown to improve symptoms of OCD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants to deal with OCD (Taylor, 2009). SSRIs included citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline (Taylor, 2009). Taylor in his study discussed that SSRIs ease the anxious feeling of OCD patients by affecting the neurotransmitters of the brain that used to communicate between brain cells. SSRIs block the reuptake or re-absorption of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. ever-changing the balance of serotonin seems to help brain cells send and receive chemical messages, which in turn boosts patients mood. Taylor explained that SSRIs are called selective because they seem to primarily affect serotonin, not other neurotransmitters. Side effects of SSRIs included nausea, headaches and insomnia (Taylor, 2009).In evaluating the safety and trenchantness of sertraline in children and adolescents, Cook et al. (2001) ran a study in United States. Their research indicated that long-term sertraline handling was well tolerated and effective in the discourse of childhood and adolescent OCD. In consistent with the result of sertraline, studies has showed that fluoxetine, citalopram and fluvoxamine were well tolerate and effective in treating children and adolescent with OCD (Liebowitz et al., 2002 Riddle et al., 2001). Nonetheless, six adverse events occurred significantly more frequently in fluoxetine patients who experienced palpitations, weight loss, drowsiness, tremors, nightmares, and muscle aches (Riddle et al., 2001).Escitalopram, another type of SSRI has been essayd by researchers in Malaysia in treating OCD patients (Hatim et al., 2008). The research reviewed that the risk of relapse for those treated with placebo appeared to be four times that of those treated with escitalopram. Moreover, the study suggested that escitalopram is well tolerated in Malaysian patients with OCD. No serious adverse event was reported throughout the study. A few milder side effects have been reported by the patients, such as dizziness, hypertension, delayed ejaculation, and throat tightness. The sample of the study, however, may be too small to yield broad generalizations.Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitorSerotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) such as venlafaxine has been used to manage OCD. Researchers found that venlafaxine may be beneficial to individuals with OCD, including those who have not responded to prior SSRI trials (Hollander, Friedberg, Wasserman, Allen, Birnbaum, Koran, 2003SNRI works by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine (Donaldson, 2010). As low serotonin is associated with OCD, SNRI function to increase the amount of two neurotransmitters, serotonin and norepinephrine, and thus enhance the neuronal activity of the brain. The side effects of SNRI included nausea, restlessness, sexual dysfunctions, insomnia, and increased blood pressure (Bandelow, 2008).Tricyclic antid epressantsOne of the effective tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) that have been using to treat OCD is clomipramine. It was one of the first anti-obsession drugs prescribed in the 1960s, but is less prescribed now due to their unpleasant side effects (Goodman, 2011). The side effects of this drug included dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, seizures, and cardiac side effects (Bandelow, 2008). Bandelow added that TCAs should be avoided in patients who are considered to be at risk of suicide, due to their capability cardiac and central nervous system toxicity after o.d.. In general, the side effects of TCAs are more adverse than SSRIs. Therefore, it is usually recommended when the treatment with SSRIs have failed (Taylor, 2009).Neurosurgical treatmentMore than 10% of OCD patients remain incapacitated despite rigorously involving in medication trials and intensive behavior therapy (Kim et al., 2003). Several neurosurgical procedures have been us ed in OCD for treating such refractory patients. Cingulotomy is among the neurosurgical methods to deal with OCD. Cingulotomy defined by Carlson (2008) as the surgical destruction of the cingulum bundle, which connects the prefrontal cortex with the limbic system helps to reduce intense anxiety and the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (p. 489). Anterior cingulotomy targets the anterior cingulate cortex and the fibers of the cingulum has been recently reported as being effective and safe (Dougherty, as cited in Kim et al., 2003). Study by Kim et al. (2003) aimed to to investigate OCD symptom improvements and to evaluate any cognitive changes and adverse effects after cingulotomy. Their study found no evidence of cognitive dysfunction including intelligence, retention and executive function after cingulotomy compared with preoperative performances. In addition, seizure, urinary problems, chronic pain and suicide were not reported and other adverse effects, such as headache, insomnia and weight changes did not continue for more than 3 months. Taken together, they suggested that cingulotomy could be safe in terms of cognitive and other side-effects.Furthermore, deep brain arousal (DBS), a procedure in which surgically implanted electrodes stimulate localized brain structures, has also been reported to be effective in patients with OCD when the anterior limb of internal capsule was targeted (Nuttin et al., as cited in Cannistraro et al., 2007). Deep brain stimulation surgery involves the placement of tiny implantable electrodes into abnormally functioning areas of the brain through take away holes in the skull then a neurostimulator, which is commonly implanted near the collarbone an insulated wire that connects the electrode to the neurostimulator (Brown University, 2003). The electrodes emit pulses of electrical stimulation to block abnormal brain activity that can cause obsessions, moods, and anxieties associated with psychiatric disorders (Brown Uni versity, 2003). A study conducted by Gabriels, Cosyns, Nuttin, Demeulemeester, Gybels (2003) concluded that deep brain stimulation may have important therapeutic benefits on psychopathology in OCD and no harmful side-effects were detected during follow-up up to 33 months (see Appendix A, for case study). However, Greenberg, Rauch, and Haber (2010) stated that hemorrhages on device insertion may have long-lasting or permanent consequences, although relatively rare. Infection represents another significant risk (Greenberg et al., 2010). On the other hand, Greenberg and his colleagues added that the great appeal of DBS in comparing with lesions is that it permits focal, adjustable, and reversible modulation of the brain. Specifically, various combinations of electrodes can be activated, at adjustable polarity, intensity, and frequency DBS thus permits flexible neuromodulation. The great clinical advantage of this is that parameters can be optimized for individual patients. In cases i n which no beneficial settings can be identified despite extensive efforts, the electrodes can be inactivated, and the devices may be upstage (Greenberg et al., 2010).DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONOverdoseTCAs have been revealed to be lethal in overdose (Bandelow, 2008). These drugs should be avoided in patients who are considered to be at risk of suicide, due to their potential cardiac and central nervous system toxicity after overdose (Bandelow, 2008). Although the benefit of SSRI and SNRI is that they are relatively safe in overdose (Bandelow, 2008), the issues of associating SNRI with other substances need to be highlighted. During 2010, Donaldson revealed that overdose with SNRIs has commonly occurred in combination with alcohol and/or other drugs. The adverse event of combining alcohol with SNRI medication include electrocardiogram changes, sinus and ventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension (low blood pressure), altered level of consciousness (from somnolence to coma), rhabdo myolysis, seizures, vertigo, liver necrosis, and death have been reported. Besides that, Donaldson emphasized that SNRI medications should not be taken by patients also taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). This can lead to increased serotonin levels and cause serotonin syndrome which is a rare, but serious and potentially life-threatening condition unfortunately often mistaken for a viral illness, anxiety, neurological disorder or worsening psychiatric condition). Therefore, it is vital to address the adverse events of drug overdose and the combination with other substances.RelapseRelapse and remission is common in OCD and many patients will never be free of the disorder (Taylor, 2009). Earlier study in 1973 by Capstick (as cited in Ravizza, 1998) stated that if the SSRI is withdrawn or reduced too quickly, the patient is able to relate the time of onset of the recurrence of the obsessions, usually 36 to 48 hours after the former dose. In a follow-up study of 15 patients wi th OCD who responded to clomipramine, Thoren et al. (as cited in Ravizza, 1998) reported that 6 patients who had stopped taking the drug had a recurrence of their symptoms within a few weeks of discontinuation. A research group by Ravizza et al., 1996, the group completed a 2-year, open-label follow-up study of 130 patients with OCD who had previously responded to 6 months treatment with clomipramine, fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. At the end of the 2 years of follow-up, the relapse rate was 77 to 85% among those patients who discontinued pharmacotherapy.ImplicationMost research related to the physiological treatment has been studied for not more than five years. Therefore, the effects of long term treatment have yet to be observed. However, when the discontinuation of treatment is discussed, researchers indicated several relapse problems and adverse events. A study stated that response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be influenced by body weight, age, sex, and ge netic makeup, and therefore can vary between individuals of different ethnic populations (Hatim et al., 2008). Malaysia as a multi-cultural and multiethnic country, the use of treatment in patient with OCD should be wise and well considered. The lack of physiological treatment in Malaysia is the major limitation for the implication of treatment toward Malaysian.On the issue of unresponsive to treatment, researcher found the benefits of switching between venlafaxine and paroxetine for OCD. In 2004, the Brown University reported that 56% of patients who were not responding to venlafaxine benefited from a switch to paroxetine 19% of patients who were not responding to paroxetine benefited from a switch to venlafaxine.Despite the evidence that clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in the pharmacology management of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), between 40% and 60% of the patients suffering from it show only a partial or no symptom improvem ent (Marazziti et al., 2008). Therefore, Marazziti and his group conducted a research to examine the effectiveness of combined treatment by associating clomipramine and citalopram in the treatment of OCD. The study found that combination treatment is effective and well-tolerated for OCD patients, and much more effective than treating patients with single drug, such as SSRI or TCA. In prescribing medication for the OCD patients in Malaysia, the doctor should inform the possible side effects of the medication to the patients. The adverse events that would occur in combination of substances should be stressed and patients should be education on the appropriate dosage and time to consume the medication.Limitations on the use of medications include involuntariness of approximately 25% of OCD patients to take medications which they view, globally, as a form of contamination (Greist, 1998) side effects that interfere with comfortable use of medications and continuing costs of medications t hat are necessary to prevent relapse associated with discontinuation.Besides physiological treatment, psychotherapy has been recommended to deal with OCD. The consensus guidelines produced by the American psychiatric Association (2000) suggested that cognitive, behavioral therapy (CBT) was the first choice treatment for children and young people. Waite and Williams (2009) mentioned that CBT alone or in combination with medication appears to be more effective and less likely to lead to relapse. More recently, National institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2011) described a stepped care model beginning with self-help materials for mild cases through CBT, medication and finally combined treatments. The Malaysian Psychiatric Association reviewed a research being done by Saxena et al. (2009) indicated the effectiveness of CBT on brain glucose metabolism in OCD. They discovered significant changes in brain activity solely as the result of four weeks of intensive cognitive-behavio ral therapy in ten OCD patients. Reduction of thalamic activity, decreases in glucose metabolism has been observed after the intervention. However, the study also showed a significant increase in activity in an area of the brain called the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a region involved in reappraisal and suppression of negative emotions.The major constraints on the use of CBT include patient unwillingness to invest the time and energy. This may be due to patients fear that their anxiety will be too great when they expose themselves to their triggers.As the conclusion, there are several causes of OCD which involved both biological and psychological aspects. In introduc

Richard Rogers Architect Biography

Richard Rogers Architect BiographyThis report is written to acknowledge an architectural origination icon, Richard Rogers. I ordain be looking at this mans life and his accomplishments. Richard Rogers is my design icon because his structures are bold, daring, eye-catching and of course, inspirational.To get the information and research I need, I provide be mainly gathering it from the internet, interviews and videos as well as any books I can come across.Hopefully, after reading this report you will clear why Richard Rogers is considered a design icon not to scantily myself, but the rest of the world.Richard RogersAs a person, Richard Rogers has lead an incredible life, born in Italy, he trained at the AA (Architectural Association) and Yale University leaving with an impressive amount of qualifications.Richard Rogers, his partner Norman Foster and their wives Su Brumwell and Wendy Cheesman, set up an architectural practice called Team 4, although this partnership besides last ed a 4 years, Richard continued to marry Su, and create a new partnership with Renzo Piano when they then designed the first of some(prenominal) inspirational buildings, the Pompidou Centre.Richard won various awards for numerous different buildings, yet though he did stick some problems with the public about his buildings, he did go on to design some other building, the Lloyds building in capital of the United Kingdom, which is much more popular today than it was when it was being built.Richard has visited many different countries leaving his mark in many of them, including the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Germany, new-fangled York and Japan. He has inspired many people with his buildings and his determination. He has not being afraid of putting his ideas forward, and has been given both grief and praise by the public. He is committed to ensuring that his buildings should be peoples places.The BBC invited Richard as the first architect to give the BBC Reith Lectures for a s eries called Cities for a Small Planet. Richard even became the Chief Advisor on computer architecture and Urbanism to the Mayor of London, he has also been a chairman of the Tate Gallery and Honorary Trustee of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. If that wasnt enough, he even went on to be knighted and became Lord Rogers.Richard Rogers has many achievements and has d unity many, many things over his lifetime, below is a short timeline of some of his most remarkable achievements.Richard Rogers was born in Florence, Italy in 1933. Richard moved to London to go to the Architectural association. He then went on to gain a masters degree from Yale University in 1962.Richard met up with former Yale bookman Norman Foster and began an architectural practice called Team 4 with their wives, although the partnership only lasted a few years, Richard quickly found a new partner, Renzo Piano, who in concert won the Prizker Price their building the Pompidou Centre which was built in 1977.His nex t main building was Lloyds building in London which was completed in 1986 which became just as much of a monument as big ben. The European Court of Human Rights (1995) is very popular in France, for its fantastic looks. The Barajas airport in Madrid was also a head turner. The millenary Dome though really was a fantastic structure, representing so much in such a unique way, this was completed in 1999. Another big project was London Heathrow Terminal 5, there was so much to this project, but it was finally completed in 2008. And finally, a real monument, Three Word Trade Centre, it is said to be completed between 2011 and 2015, it is to stand next to two other towers built by other architects using the same style.BuildingsRichard Rogers has designed many buildings, most popular are the Pompidou Centre in Paris, in London he designed the Lloyds Building, the Millennium Dome and London Heathrow Terminal 5. The European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg, Barajas airport re mainder 4 in Madrid and the National manufacture for Wales building were also fantastic structures.The Pompidou CentreThe Centre Pompidou was Richards first building created alongside Renzo Piano in 1977, the design of which won the Prizker Prize in 2007 by basically creating the building inside out.This meant that all the parts you would usually expect to see inside, like the stairs, air ducts, plumbing, cables, etc. were all on the outside of the building creating massive indoor plaza, which is particularly useful as this particular building was used as an art museum, in fact, it is the largest museum for modern art in Europe. non only was this building functional, it also complimented its use for an art museum, impressing its visitors before they even entered the building. In theory, having the internal maintenance, such as the plumbing and air ducts, should also light upon the building easier to maintain. Another complimenting aspect of the building is how each external part has being colour coded to make sure they stood out rather than blend in.The Pompidous pilot light plans were actually much more extravagant to start, including moving internal walls and adjustable floors, which unfortunately, did not make it into the final design. Richard was at first reluctant to put this design forward as he was confident that the French government would turn it down, but as it has it, they didnt, and although it was criticized at first and claimed to be ugly it is now complimented on being one of the most remarkable buildings of the 20th century.The headquarters for Lloyds of LondonRichard used the Pompidou center as an inspiration for his next building, the Lloyds building in London. This was a massive project as the previous building was created in steel where as this one of concrete.Once again the building was designed with its internal parts, outside, this even included glass lifts which were the first of their kind in the UK, as well as the cables, stairs, pipes and even the toilets. This, of course, left large open spaces on the inside.Once again the Lloyds building was brightly coloured and brightly light. The public at first feared this would make this building an alien is actually regarded as one of the finest buildings on London since the 1980sThe Millennium DomeThe millennium dome is another one of Richardss creations. It is a very clever design with 12 towers or arms extruding from the fair canopy which fight the roof of the structure. Stretching out a massive 365m diameter, the Dome is the biggest one in the world. The design of the structure is also clever as you will notice 365m in diameter, one meter for each day of the year, as well as one tower for each month of the year. Although you would of neer of realized until someone mentioned it, its still a remarkable thing to have built in.On the inside there was a large open space with a skylight in the center of it all to fill with whatever the users would like, which for the millennium, was split into 13 different zones to educate the public in an interactive way, unfortunately, the 43 million building only brought in half the expected visitors and was finally converted into the 02 Arena.The millennium dome was a remarkable structure built for the millennium and had been planned for since 1996, and was originally planned as a temporary structure to last only 1 year, but as it happens, its lasted much longer.175 Greenwich avenue175 Greenwich Street is the future site of the 3rd world trade center. The structure will stretch up to 1155 feet with 71 stories, four of which will be below street level. The building will occupy 200x 198 feet.The building itself has been designed to the highest energy efficiency ratings. It is to have a central concrete core using a steel frame on the outside of the building. It is planned to be completed between 2011and 2015 depending when the site is available to developers.The building will also be accompanied by two o ther towers built by separate architects but hired by the same company, Silverstein Properties. all(a) three buildings are to have the same style.London Heathrow Terminal 5Terminal 5 was finally approved in 2001 after a 46 month public inquiry, the long-lived public inquiry in British history. In 2002 work had finally started and was not completed until 2008. The new terminal means that the airport can support a much higher passenger capacity, but it will not have any more flights, although environmentalists say it will lead to more flights and pollution.For the terminal to be built, two rivers had to be diverted. Using artificial waterways to successfully divert the rivers allowed the 4.2 billion building to be built. Terminal 5 had to include a railway system station and several other buildings as well as a control tower this really shows how big the project actually is.StyleRichard Rogers has been charge of having several different styles, he himself is committed on his buildi ngs being people places, although this is not normally classed as a style, he certainly has made it into one with his structures have exceedingly large indoor spaces.Bowellism is another style related to his first building, the Pompidou Centre. Having the internal components such as the lifts, pipes, stairs and cables externally, means that there is an unreal amount of floor space, which, for an art museum, is very useful.Post-modern is referred to another one of his structures, the Lloyds building in London, having all the components clearly visible, and then brightly painted, and then brightly litWhen Richard was younger, he dreamed of building a Zip-up house where his parents would live, a zip-up house basically means ready to assemble or a flat cluster house. Having walls, floors, panels and so on prebuilt and fabricated making the building energy efficient, and easy to adjust.ConclusionAs you can see, Richard Rogers has lead a remarkable life, building many inspirational buil dings such as the Pompidou Centre, leaving his mark in many countries such as England, and many cities such as Strasbourg, he has received many well deserved awards for his buildings and has even been knighted by the queen.He has an incredible design eye, and is not afraid to go outside of the box, or in some cases, the building, and even though some of his buildings have been criticized badly, in the end, they always came out positive.The fact that Richard is still designing, and his designs still make the public gasp is amazing, hopefully he will continue to build and design for as long as possible, and Im sure that many people will be inspired by his work and his life. All of these things, and many, many more, defiantly make him a supreme choice of a design icon.RecommendationsTrying to recommend anything for Richard Rogers is extremely difficult as he has through with(p) it all, hes traveled, hes married, hes left his mark, hes inspired, hes lived, if anything people should loo k at his life and make recommendations for themselves. Do what you love doing, and do it until you die, dont be afraid of putting your ideas forward, and fight for what you want.

Short Story Example | Extreme Kidnap

Short Story Example Extreme KidnapSomething clicked and my senses turned on emotional state pounding, drumhead wide awake, fists ready for action as I started to ascertain the rush of wind and a propeller go forth stance, a 12 seater Cessna Caravan. I could see deuce of my best friends with duct put worst around their feet and seated at the back of the cabin next to the luggage compartment. I turned around towards the front of the plane. I could see blood on the ground I felt the back of my head, and it was wet, sticky wet. I looked further past the blood. My eyes stung from the concentration, exclusively I adage a man lounging on a red seat next to the aisle with a pistol pointed at me. I wiped my eyes to diminish the sting it helped a light bit. I thought this was all a dream as I attempted to stand. I dragged a knee up, levering myself into vertical. I swayed as I looked at the mans face. It was dirty with red rings under his eyelids. His black hair was lank and greasy. He stood up and waved his gun towards the back of the plane. I continued to stagger towards him, but somewhatthing stopped me as I tried to take an separate step. I looked exhaust to see my friend prostrate on the ground with his hand on my ankle. Tears were forming in his eyes. What was I doing? Im in a plane with people who receive guns and two friends who have duct tape around their feet and I am walking towards my death?As I turned around, someone grabbed me from behind and forced me towards the back of the plane. Pain snaked crosswise my speeding arm and shoulder. My body was screaming kayoed in agony as I tried to twist away, but all that happened was more infliction. A ash-blonde haired man with a huge freckle of his chin forced me to sit with my back against the cargo door. Not too far away was the door that was use for exiting the plane. It had a simple red handled lever that was used to open the door. I glanced byside to see if there were any houses polish up on t he ground but no, there was still only the Australian desert. From what I could see there were only lesser shrub bushes with occasional gum trees. on that point was no swear of escape.A nonher man appeared from the cabin carrying three items of baggage they were a backpack of a sort. He approached us and calmly stated Thank you for being our experiment. We have some clients that want some fun with guns. They are placed on the ground and if they find you or see you they will shoot you. I began to panic. My heart was beating faster. As I looked across at my friends and they were trembling I began to realise what the backpacks were. They were jump offs. I told myself to remain strong and I gave my friends a reassuring sick on the shoulder.The blond haired freckle man spoke this fourth dimension,Simple as this, you put on these backpacks and project. I was shoved out the plane with barley enough time to put my parachute on. . It felt nice to be outside putting aside the fact that I was falling towards the ground at an astonishing rate. My lungs lurched out of their normal place right into my mouth, or so it felt like it. It was the biggest whoopsy I have ever had. I pulled the straps tight around me, and then I pulled the rip cord at the front. A small chute about the size of a kids plastic swimming pool opened up. My heart sank and I had the worst feeling in my life. I heard a tearing sound. I looked up and thought the mini-chute was tearing apart, but no, something forced its way out of the bag and pushed against my back. I saw a huge black object about the size of an Olympic swimming pool open up.I slowed down to a steady pace and all was calm, surprisingly. I scanned the cant for my friends, there was secret code except for the wispy w run intoe clouds andWHOA I exclaimed out aloud, as a large dispirited object whistled in front of me. It was Jake. I realised he didnt know how to open the chute. I screamed out,Pull the strings It appeared that he did nt hear me, but after what seemed an eternity a parachute opened. I breathed a sigh of relief. I looked around, beneath, above and beside me. There was no one else, other than Jake, to be found. Could Frankie have fallen past me and crashed on the carpet of brown and green spots? I refused to belief that, and squinted my eyes to look across the sky where the plane was. I focused harder and thought I could see my friend. To confirm my thoughts a mushroom blew up in the sky. How on earth are Jake and I going to find Frankie now?Jake and I had levelled with each other in flight. As we neared the ground, which was about 50metres away, I tensed up for a hard set down. Jake glanced across at me, a nervous look on his face. I shouted outAim for the clear patch and run when you hit the ground Jake held up his hand and put his thumbs up. I looked up at the inside of the parachute to see if everything was fine, landing spot was okay, head still pounding but okay, legs stark naked and stiff I was ready.In the last few seconds as I came down I started to run in mid air, Jake was doing the same. 4 metres, 3 metres, 2, 1, 0, SMASH, ache shot up my legs, but I continued to run. I slowed down, my parachute folding in on itself, scratches starting to bleed, dust blowing everywhere and legs collapsing under me.I lay there for a moment thinking everyplace what had happened today or yesterday. Bike riding with my friends, kidnapped, drugged, woke up in a plane, forced to jump and now, apparently, prey in the middle of the Australian desert. I dragged myself up and dropped the parachute on the ground. I limped everywhere to Jake who was lying face down on the dark red ground. Checking his breathing, I rolled him over. He had blood dripping out of a cut, just under his chin, but otherwise was okay. I went over to the parachute and tore a strip of fabric of it. As I wrapped the cloth under his chin and over his head, I had to chuckle a little bit. He looked a little like red rid ing hood. Jake sat up and said, I dont think I will ever do plunk again in my life.Same here, I replied. I continued in a more serious manner, Okay lets move out, we have no conceit how many people are trying to kill us and we have to find Frankie.We got up and began to walk away from the landing site, towards Frankie. The terrain was flat but it was not desirable. There were small knee height bushes covering every bit of land, we couldnt see the ground and I was afraid of being bitten by a snake. There were a few taller shrubs that were my height, but were sparsely spaced out. There were also a few gum trees that I could see in the distance and nothing else of importance. There was an eerie silence there were no birds, cars engines, horns or people yelling. The silence was totally opposite to the sound of Perth, where I live. We continued our journey towards Frankies landing spot. Both of us had walked 2miles all ready. We came upon a gum tree, it was a large tree and it provided a lot of shade. We stopped and sat for a rest, my throat was prohibitionist as parchment and it hurt. My legs were also shaky from lack of food. The sun was scrambleting hotter. It must be near midday I thought. All of a emergent we heard leaves rustling, Jake and I jumped into the nearest bush, because we thought it was someone with a gun. My heart pounded, and prickles went all over my body and started pressing into my skin. Out of the surrounding a phonate yelled.Oi up here. Sweat was pouring out of all my sweat glands, I lay down as flat as I could, it was uncomfortable and I was really scared. I couldnt see my friend and wished the best for him. Then the voice yelled out again,Help me Im stuck in this tree.I looked up without getting out of my hiding spot. In the gum tree I saw Frankie dangling with his parachute snagged on the higher branches. I crawled out of the bush, being careful not to cut myself again. I hoped to my feet and yelled in a happy voice,FrankieFrankie ye lled back, Of all the open shrub land I landed in a tree. I began to laugh and say,Well we landed in the only spot where it has clear ground. Jake came across to where I was standing and glared up and said,How are you going to get down? You are about 2 stories high, dangling in the air with no branches nearby. Frankie shouted back,Ill jump, but first Ill drop this down to you. He reached around and grabbed the zip on his bag and yanked it down, he pulled out a grey plastic shopping bag. He carefully dropped it to the ground it went dive and a crackle. I went over and picked the bag up, I glanced inside and there was three one litre mount Franklin bottles. I moved the bottles around and saw a flash of bright red I reached in more and pulled out three big mars bars.About time I got some good news, I said aloud.Look at below said Frankie as he released the strap and jumped. He landed on the heavy side but was okay. We all sat down and pulled out the water bottles and had a drink. It f elt nice, clean crisp cold water running down my dry out throat. I had already drunk more than half of the water, but I stopped because we had to ration the water.We got up and walked west. According to Frankies watch by lining the minute hand with the sun, and halfway between the minute hand and the hour hand was north. Head for the ocean was our thinking. We walked for ages, my legs are sore and sweat is pouring out of my back. The terrain was ever-changing there were more mounds in the dirt and uneven ground. There were more trees with greener leaves. While we were walking along taking sips of our water we came across a small gravel cliff. We all began to climb down, however I slipped on the gravel and tried to grab the nearest plants, but I ripped them out as I fell. I clawed my hands against the edge of the rock face, but I couldnt grab anything. I was increasing my speed it was a 3 story create drop and I was approaching the bottom. I looked down it rounded of a little bit. It flashed through my head as if it were less than a second. I hit the bottom, my legs skidded out from the soft sloping gravel and I hit my head after my hands tried to lessen the impact. I cried out in pain as I yelled for my friends to help me. I lay on the ground with pain coming from my leg, ankle and head. I felt giddy and the serviceman spun around me. Then a supporting hand lifted my head and propped me against a tree nearby. My friends came into view there were tears in their eyes. I reached over to touch my leg which I couldnt feel. I couldnt see that well so I was going by touch. I ran my hand from my hip down to my knee, over the knee cap, halfway down my lower leg then I reached a bump in my leg, I continued to run my hand down but it wasnt just bent it was broken. It was lucky that I couldnt feel much pain because I would be crying out if I did.

Homers Bio :: Essays Papers

bulls eyes BioBiography of Homer (?-? BC)Beyond a few fragments of information, historians and classicists can only opine about the life of the man who composed the Iliad and the Odyssey. The details are few. We do not even know the century in which he lived, and it is difficult to submit with absolute certainty that the same poet composed both works. The Greeks attributed both of the epics to the same man, and we expect little hard evidence that would make us doubt the antiquated authorities, but uncertainty is a constant feature of scholarly work dealing with Homers era of Greek history. The Greeks hailed him as their greatest poet, as well as their first. Although the Greeks recognized other poets who composed in Greek before Homer, no texts from these earlier poets survived. Perhaps they were lost, or perhaps they were never written downHomer himself was plausibly on the cusp between the tradition of oral poetry and the new invention of written language. Texts of the Iliad and the Odyssey existed from at least the sixth century BC, and probably for a considerable span of time before that. These two great epic poems also had a life in performance through the centuries, nonrecreational artists made their living by reciting Homer, performing the great epics for audiences that often know great parts of the poem by heart. It is impossible to pin down with each certainty when Homer lived. Eratosthenes gives the traditional date of 1184 BC for the end of the Trojan War, the semi-mythical event which forms the basis for the Iliad. The great Greek historian Herodotus put the date at 1250 BC. These dates were arrived at in a very approximate manner Greek historians usually used genealogy and estimation when trying to find the dates for events in the removed past. But Greek historians were far less certain about the dates for Homers life. Some said he was a contemporary of the events of the Iliad, while others placed him sixty or a hundred or several hundred years afterward. Herodotus estimated that Homer lived and wrote in the ninth century BC. He almost certainly lived in whizz of the Greek city-states in Asia Minor. All of the traditional sources say that he was blind. Over the course of millennia of scholarly speculation, prevailing theories about Homer and his relationship to his work have had time to change and change again.

Husband vs Wife Essay -- Family Marriage Gender Roles Essays

Husband vs Wife Since the traditional conceptions of masculinity and femininity define man as instrumental and woman as expressive, therefore it follows that men and women can function in their traditional roles only in conjuction with each other. Each requires the other in order to perform at their thrill in the world. A man is incomplete without nurturing and tenderness and when he cannot find these qualities within himself he becomes dependent on the woman in his life to endure them. A woman cannot function well without the self-assertiveness and leadership that she, if tradition bothy feminine could not develop within herself. For these qualities she becomes dependent on a man. neither can stand alone and this relationship is formalized within the institution of marriage.Once the relationship is established, tasks and behaviors atomic number 18 assigned along sex-oriented lines. The woman becomes the wife and bring forth with certain tasks and the man accordingly becomes the husband and father with his own set of prescribed tasks and behaviors.In this relationship, powers are divided rather than shared. The man is allocated the power to soak up important decisions, achieve status, and material goods. On the other hand, assumes the power to feel, nurture, serve and manage domestic and interpersonal life of the home. Women thus gain power in private in exchange for submission in public. This is the traditional bargain struck between the two sexes. With the acceptance of the role of wife almost all women, especially role-oriented women, accept as well as the role of woman of the house. The deprecatory phrase ?I?m just a housewife? typifies the low appreciate in which this position is held in our society. The housewife?s responsibilities fall under at least twelve occupational titles nursemaid, housekeeper, seamstress, dietician, cook, dishwasher, laundress, food buyer, chauffer, gardener, practical nurse, and maintenance worker. However, she receives n o pay and has to ask her husband for money for basically everything. It is remarkable that most women still rush to fill such a position.The traditional housewife?s main task is putting the interests of her husband and her children first. Her central mission in life is to care for her husband and children, and finds her major satisfaction in her family. In addition, for the traditional wife individual achievement is proscribed tho... ...ir own well being are disdained as ?woman?s work? ? the chores of the inferior sex. Undertaking the responsibilities of the housewife for many men is again an admission of failure, a sign announcing inadequacy in doing men?s work, which, if successful and profitable, would no doubt keep them to spry for insignificant tasks. Men do, however, develop traits often not found in women. In their competitive world men enhance their own logic and rationalness and they learn top deal with problems, not people, as they inch their way up the latter of status and prestige external supports in this world are strong and rewards are tangible. They seldom have to wonder if their labor is or is not noticed, appreciated, or of value. At the same time as men?s energies are engaged in this competitiveness they tend top lose touch with their own emotions of with those of others. They are not interested in vital interpersonal communication when they return home after a day?s work. Overworked and preoccupied they desire only relief from those they have left at the office. precise much in need of emotional support they still regard the interpersonal facet and life as secondary to the major business.