Pierre Robin Syndrome, Narcolepsy and Traumatic Brain Injury

Pierre Robin Syndrome, Narcolepsy and Traumatic Brain Injury Patient Education Entries Pierre Robin Syndrome Pierre Robin Syndrome is usually referred to â€Å"Bird Face†. This condition was initially regarded as a single clinical entity but is now considered to characterize a specific result of an abnormal developmental process. Pierre Robin Syndrome’s exact cause is unknown. There is no connection between the activities of a mother that causes her baby to have this disorder (International Craniofacial Institute, 2014, n.p.). For paediatricians, the main short-term issues that need treatment are for breathing and feeding. Symptoms The lower jaw is abnormally small. Long tongue which causes its tongue to block the airway. Cleft palate Repeated ear infections Interventions (Childrens Hospital of Wisconsin, 2013, n.p.): Tongue-lip adhesion which is a temporary stitch of the tongue to the lip below. It heaves the tongue frontward to avoid obstruction on the airway. Mandibular distraction is a procedure to cut the lower jaw as pins are on the bone on either side. This technique corrects asymmetric jaws of patients. It pulls out jaws of patients with obstructive sleep apnea especially for those who suffer PRS. Tracheostomy is applicable if the first two ways dont work. This is a surgery creating a hole through the neck going to the trachea. This serves as a passage of air for breathing. In the long run, speech defect and palatal dysfunction are the effects. By 3 years old, most children with this disorder are taking an oral diet and do not have major difficulty in breathing if proper intervention in earlier years took place (Burton, 2010, para.17). Narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a disorder of having too much sleepiness during the day. It is also associated with abrupt temporary muscle weakness or cataplexy. According to a research in 2013, 1 out of 2000 people experience this disorder (UK Health Centre, n.p.). A cause of this disorder is the lack of neurotransmitter hypocretin (orexin). This is usual in the cases of narcolepsy with cataplexy. Another cause is the combination of genetics and impact of surroundings, such as hormonal imbalance, trauma, immune system problems, or stress. Narcolepsy is a life-long illness, but it does not persistently worsen. Over the time, its symptoms gradually decrease but they never totally disappear. As for adults, cataplexy lessens, but sleep disturbances can get worse. Below are the symptoms of Narcolepsy (University of Maryland Medical Centre, 2012, n.p.). Main Symptoms: Easiness to sleep during daytime even in an uncomfortable pose and few hours if they are lying down. 3 or 4 hours of drowsiness at daytime that often ends in short naps. Drowsiness isn’t noticed by the patient and they cannot clearly remember their behaviour at those times. Other Symptoms: Atonia is a condition of a sleeping person where he or she is conscious but cannot talk, move and while breathing deeply. Hypnagogic Hallucinations. These are dreams that come to mind during the onset of sleep which usually happen for 30 seconds maximum. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder. A condition where the leg muscles contract every 20 40 seconds as the patient sleeps. Interventions (National Sleep Foundation, 2013, n.p.): Light therapy helps keep a regular sleep and wake timetable. The patient is to sit in front of a light box flashing special lights for 10 to 30 minutes. The patient will somehow avoid feeling sleepy in the morning. Behavioural therapy – aims to relieve symptoms. With this therapy, patients should avoid heavy meals and alcohol given that these can disturb or induce sleep. Diet Therapy – For two months, patient is put on a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) wherein there is a reduction on the intake of wheat flour and grain. The effect of this therapy results to 18% reduction on afternoon sleepiness. Positive Pressure Therapy – This type of therapy is usually prescribed to patients with sleep apnoea. During this treatment, it soothes the airway through therapeutic pressure. It uses a machine that can be used before sleeping. Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury takes place when a sudden trauma results damage to the brain. It is caused by a sudden, hard blow or bump to the head. The damage is classified to focal and diffuse. Focal Injury is damage focused one part of the brain while Diffuse Injury involves more than one part of the brain. Its symptoms may not show until days or weeks after the injury. It usually causes headache or neck pain, vomiting, ringing in the ears, vertigo, and fatigue. Below are other symptoms that may arise (Alzheimers Association, 2013, para.6): Symptoms Concussion Worsening headache and it does not go away Nausea Convulsion or seizures Helplessness to awaken from sleep Inaudible speech Weakness or numbness in some parts of the body Dilated eye pupils Long term problems that may arise: Alzheimers disease is a neurological disease in which the brain cells doesn’t function anymore which results to memory loss and cognitive turn down. Parkinsons disease It is a progressive disease of the nervous system that affects the motor movements. It usually starts with a tremor in just one hand. It also causes inflexibility and slowing of movement. Dementia – decline and loss of intellectual functions such as thinking, memory, and logic that is severe enough to hamper with a persons every day functioning. It is usually caused by repetitive hit to the head. Interventions (Brain Injury Association of America, n.d., n.p.): Acute Rehabilitation – Skilled health professionals will help a patient to regain strengths in doing activities for everyday life. These activities pertain to eating, toileting, walking, dressing, speaking and others. Post-acute Rehabilitation. Helps patient recover his or her overall functioning. It restores a bodys natural healing abilities. Sub-acute Rehabilitation intended for those who require a milder level of treatment services for a longer period of time. This is also appropriate for patients who have made improvement in the acute rehabilitation programs and continue to progress. Day Treatment- offers treatment in a prearranged group setting during the day and lets the patient to go back home at night. References Alzheimers Association (2013).Traumatic Brain Injury | Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis. RetrievedFebruary2, 2014, from http://www.alz.org/dementia/traumatic-brain-injury-head-trauma-symptoms.asp> Brain Injury Association of America (n.d.).Brain Injury Treatment BIAA. RetrievedFebruary1, 2014, from http://www.biausa.org/brain-injury-treatment.htm> Burton, C. (2010, April 20). Pierre Robin Sequence | Doctor | Patient.co.uk. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Pierre-Robin-Syndrome.htm> Childrens Hospital of Wisconsin (2013). Fetal Concerns Center of Wisconsin: Micrognathia and Pierre Robin Sequence. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/35570/Nav/1/router.asp International Craniofacial Institute (2014, January 27). Pierre Robin Sequence | International Craniofacial Institute. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://www.craniofacial.net/conditions-pierre-robin> National Sleep Foundation (2013).Narcolepsy Symptoms, Treatment Remedies National Sleep Foundation. RetrievedFebruary1, 2014, from http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-related-problems/narcolepsy-and-sleep> UK Health Centre (2013). Narcolepsy. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://www.healthcentre.org.uk/sleep-disorders/narcolepsy.html> University of Maryland Medical Center (2012, September 29). Narcolepsy | University of Maryland Medical Center. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/narcolepsy>

Global Warming Assignment “Summary” Essay

Global warming what is it? Global warming refers to an average increase in theEarth’s temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. So what’s the big deal you  ask? Well the big deal is, if temperatures rise above normal levels for a few days, it’s no big deal, the Earth will stay more or less the same, but if temperatures continue to rise over a longer period of time, then the Earth may experience some serious problems! What causes global warming? The Earth’s atmosphere contains gases that naturally help to hold in heat, these natural Greenhouse gases keep our atmosphere warm  long after the sun has set and absorb the Sun’s heat during the day, keeping thetemperature from getting to high. Over the past 100 years, humans have altered the  chemical composition of the earth’s atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases,therefore resulting in Global Warming. Why are greenhouse gas concentrations  increasing? Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide,methane, and nitrous oxide. Certain human activities, add to the levels of most of these  naturally occurring gases. Carbon dioxide is released when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil,natural gas, and coal), and wood are burned. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills and the raising of livestock. Finally Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities. What are some of the effects, due to global warming? Surface temperatures have increased 1.0 °C-3 °C since the late 19th century. The 20th century’s 10  warmest years  have all occurred in the last 15 years of the century. Worldwide precipitation over land has increased by about one percent and globally, sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century. Global warming has also decreased snow cover in the northern hemisphere,and melted glaciers. Changing regional climate could alter crops yields, water supplies,and forests. It could also affect the health of ecosystems, animals and even humans.

Mood Disorders

Read the case study and type using 12 fonts directly into the rubric. Save the document, print it and submit to your clinical instructor (turn in to secretary) when due (see course calendar). Darlene, age 62 years, has been admitted to the local psychiatric facility for inpatient treatment of depression. She became severely depressed when her son experienced a traumatic brain injury sustained in an automobile accident 6 years ago.Since her son's accident, she has selected to pay her bills on time, has difficulty sleeping and difficulty concentrating, has lost interest in eating, and has lost 30 pounds during the last year. She is complaining of frequent headaches, generalized pain and malaise. She no longer attends the weekly sewing club due Tao lack of interest and energy. Her husband of 40 years divorced her 2 years ago. Her home needs repairs, and she says she feels overwhelmed with completing the maintenance required. She expresses feelings of helplessness. She states that she â €Å"is alone and no one cares. Darlene reports that he often sits alone at night watching television and sips on a can of beer. She has been noncompliance with pharmacological antidepressant therapy, which has led to her admission to an acute care psychiatric setting. She hardly makes eye contact, slouches in her seat and wears a blank but sad expression. She says to you, â€Å"this feeling of depression is the worst thing I have had to go through since my son's accident. I will never go through this again. I guarantee you this will be my last episode of depression. † â€Å"My mother suffered from depression and it destroyed our family.The physician has indicated that if Darlene does not respond to medication over the next 2-3 days, he will order ACT. Darlene has a history of hypertension but has not been taking medication. On admission her pulse is 98, Temperature is 99. 2 and blood pressure is 174/96 and her doctor prescribes Corer. She states she has been diagnosed with GEAR and used to take Proposes, but she has not taken any the past six months even though she still has symptoms of Acid Reflux. Her doctor reorders the Proposes upon admission. She had surgery twenty years ago to remove a benign tumor from her left ovary. Mood Disorders By enormous

Same-Sex Marriage Legalization - 905 Words

One of the biggest questions across America today is should same-sex marriage be legal. And for most people without missing a heartbeat would answer yes. Of course this varies on location and the age group. Most elders still don’t agree with same sex marriage or ever will, mainly because the period they were raised. Also a state where religion has a greater following is more likely to oppose same-sex then a state that is more agnostic or non-religious. There are factors that have a say in peoples’ views on same-sex, but the main reason is religion. They see it as marriage is between a man and a woman because it is stated in the bible. They follow many verses from the Bible, one being â€Å"Or do you not know that wrongdoers will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor men who have sex with men.† 1 Corinthians 6:9 New International Version. When we take look at marriage, what’s the first thing that comes to mind? Is it the wedding itself? Is it the decorations or is it the two people that are coming together to start a whole new journey in their life as one. Every commercial you see with a couple getting married is between a man and a woman. I can tell you for certain, in the near future that will change. Why do I think that? As you can see in our everyday lives the opinion on same sex marriage is changing every day. Not only is America changing their views, but a great portion of the world is comingShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. 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