Gwen Harwood Essay

Gwen Harwood’s poetry is steeped in Romantic traditions and is underpinned by humanist concerns. My personal interpretation is that Harwood’s poetry engages readers through its poetic treatment of loss and consolation as well as its exploration of universal themes about human existence and the processes of life. Harwood’s poetry validates the consoling influence of childhood experiences upon adult development evident in ‘At Mornington’ which explores one sense of loss and consolidation experienced in the cycle of life from birth to death. Harwood explores one transitory nature of life in her lyrical poem ‘The Violets’, revealing the way in which memory can illustrate past experiences that will resonate in the present offering consolation. Furthermore Harwood’s poetry is characterised by an over-arching existential quest for meaning and consolation as experienced through her exploration of love in ‘A Valediction.’ Whilst the notion that Harwood’s poetry engages readers through its poetic treatment of loss and consolation resonates with my own interpretation of her poems, readers are also engaged through Harwood’s exploration of universal truisms. A contemplation of human existence and one way in which one cycle of life is characterised by loss and consolation as a pervading theme throughout Harwood’s poetry. In ‘At Mornington’ past, present and future experiences are united through the poems fragmented structure and poetic treatment experiences of loss of naivety and consolation in order to encapsulate the cycle of life characteristic of one human experience. Furthermore, Harwood uses biblical allusions â€Å"secure in my father’s arms† to convey the universality of human existence, engaging the reader. The poem begins in the persona’s past with her childhood innocence and naivety, which is conveyed in her belief in her own invincibility. â€Å"I remember believing as a child I could walk on water.† Harwood’s use of biblical imagery evokes the idea of  Jesus walking on water and the consoling effect this had on the speaker’s childhood self, to represent her naà ¯ve, childish outlook. This water imagery becomes a sustained motif. The speaker draws on the image of the â€Å"flood† on which â€Å"memories of early childhood are born† through a contemplative tone of spiritual replenishment as she â€Å"stands among avenues of the dead,† engaging the reader through the poetic treatment of both loss and consolation. In accordance with the Romantic tradition, the speaker acknowledges the restorative capabilities of the natural elements conveyed in the image of a â€Å"pitcher of water† which becomes a metaphor for replenishment and revitalisation. As the poem shifts to the present tense, the reader is further engaged as the persona finds herself in a graveyard and coming to terms with the death and loss of a loved one. The persona comes to a peaceful acceptance of life’s transience and her own mortality as she acknowledges the inevitable passage of time â€Å"that brings us to that time of our lives where our bones wear us† offering her a sense of consolation. The poem concludes with a projection into the future, with the existential tone â€Å"no hand will save me† evoking the realisation that death and loss is one inevitable end of the cycle. Harwood’s poem ‘At Mornington’ engages readers through its poetic treatment of loss and consolation and the way in which these themes recur throughout the cycle of life. Harwood’s poems elucidate themes of memory and recollection, highlighting the way these transcend time, death and loss and eventually offer consolation. In one nostalgic poem ‘The Violets’ the speaker revisits a seminal childhood experience that affirms adult perspectives and engages the reader by identifying the importance of memories of filial love in sustaining the adult self, providing consolation. The child’s naà ¯ve question â€Å"Where has morning gone?† emphasises the power of dreams to distort time and evokes the speaker’s sense of loss. The child’s loss is countered by the memory of her parents’ unconditional love. The use of enjambment creates a sense of continuity as the violets transport the speaker back to a time when she was lovingly comforted, thus continually engaging the reader. The maternal image of the mother who â€Å"dried my tearful face† and the visual image of â€Å"stroking, golden brown hair† conveys the tenderness of this memory. Through the  recurring motif of the â€Å"violets in our loamy bed† Harwood shifts between past and present experiences of loss and consolation. Literary critic Elizabeth Lawson suggests â€Å"identifying its ability to control moment s in time by transforming consciousness of the present.’ The speaker realises that although memories are â€Å"ambiguous† and time can be â€Å"stolen†, ultimately, as is portrayed in the personification â€Å"Years cannot move the lamplit presences† of her childhood. The poem concludes with a final natural image of â€Å"the faint scent of violets drifts in the air† conveying the persona’s awareness that the memories of her parents’ love transcends the power of death. In ‘The Violets’ Harwood’s poetic treatment of loss and consolation through the motif of the violets engages the reader on an emotional level. The theme of love and its permanent, passionate nature resonates within Harwood’s poetry, engaging readers through its poetic treatment of the experiences of loss and consolation associated with love. Similar to ‘At Mornington’ which expresses one cycle of life and the acceptance of its inevitable processes, ‘A Valediction’ expresses the journey of maturation through reflection that leads the speaker from adolescent sentimentality to an appreciation of the enduring nature of love. The intertextual reference to John Donne in the poems title foreshadows the exploration and poetic treatment of the experience parting from a loved one and the emotional repercussions of this loss. The persona’s adolescent sentimentality is evoked through her ritual of seeking solace in her anthology of Donne’s poetry. The memories of her youth are metaphorically â€Å"inked in with aches from adolescence.† Harwood explores the nature of love in her representation of two significant female figures and it is from their contrasting reactions to their experiences of love that informs the persona’s more mature perception of love and loss. One the one hand, Harwood gives representation Salome, whose indifference to the grand passion of love is conveyed in the flippant tone of her comment â€Å"whether I kissed Nietzche on Monte Sacro I find I do not now remember.† On the other hand, Harwood depicts Saint Therese, a nun who dedicated her life to selfless love as conveyed in the sentimental tone of her comment â€Å"when I love it is forever.† Harwood’s juxtaposition of these women’s perspectives on love highlights the folly of both ideals and consolidates the persona’s understanding that it is  rationalism and moderation that offer the most valued appreciation of love. The persona’s direct address â€Å"dear ladies shall we meet half way between sanctity and liberation?† conveys her awareness that there should be a balance between disinterest oversentimentality. The poem concludes with an idyllic scene that encapsulates the persona’s sense of contentment and maturity beyond her emotional angst. â€Å"let me walk at sunset in the pasture feeding my geese† engages the reader through the poetic treatment of loss and consolation as it is associated with the theme of love. Modernist poet Gwen Harwood adheres to the literary conventions of the Romantics in her anthology of poems, employing poetical devices and form to give expression to the themes of loss and consolation as well as other timeless themes. Harwood continues to engage readers through her exploration of universal themes of human existence evident in ‘At Mornington’, ‘The Violets’ and ‘A Valediction.’

Diseased Body in Wuthering Heights Essay

In Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte it can be viewed that there is â€Å"more suffering caused by a diseased mind than by a diseased body.† The idea of a â€Å"diseased mind† is a mental illness or madness and the â€Å"diseased body† is a physical illness or injury, both of which are displayed by many characters in Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff is a prime example of a character with a â€Å"diseased mind† that causes him suffering. He spends the majority of his life contemplating and acting out revenge towards Hindley and the Lintons because he believes it was their fault Catherine thought it would â€Å"degrade† her to marry Heathcliff, even though she loved him; this is one example of his unstable mind set. In chapter 9 Nelly foreshadows the suffering of Heathcliff by saying â€Å"if you [Catherine] are his choice, he’ll be the most unfortunate creature,† this is because Nelly understands that society wouldn’t accept the pair to marry, therefore Heathcliff will be unfortunately heartbroken. Heathcliff believes that Catherine is a part of him: â€Å"I cannot live without my soul,† he says which highlights that he is suffering without her. It is from this heartbreak and suffering that his â€Å"diseased mind† commenced. Heathcliff’s â€Å"diseased mind† heightens when he asks for Catherine to â€Å"haunt† him when she is dead; haunting is an element of the Gothic genre but the madness of Heathcliff is enhanced when he requests that Catherine drives him â€Å"mad.† The word â€Å"mad† is ambiguous in this quotation because it could be viewed that Heathcliff wants to be haunted until he is angry with Catherine so he can destroy his love for her. An alternative view is that Heathcliff wants to be haunted until he is insane and suffering since he is desperate to see Catherine, this becomes true because after Catherine’s death Heathcliff’s mind is haunted by his love for her. Jerold E. Hogle explains this is accurate because characters in Gothic novels are â€Å"haunted psychologically† and this is accurately shown through the character of Heathcliff. His mind is â€Å"diseased† by his separation from Catherine due to her choice of partner and her death, which causes him and everyone in the novel immense suffering because of his vengeance. Heathcliff’s unconditional love causes Catherine’s â€Å"melancholy† â€Å"mental state† because it is overwhelming and she is in love with him but a  Victorian society wouldn’t accept their relationship because of the Heathcliff’s very low class, which would result in them being â€Å"beggars.† Catherine has â€Å"a peculiar expression arising from her mind set† before she tells Heathcliff â€Å"you have killed me,† this highlights her â€Å"diseased mind† and the suffering it is causing her because she hasn’t died yet but it could be interpreted that she feels as though she has which emphasises her suffering, but also her madness. The â€Å"peculiar expression† that Catherine is described to have could be because she was â€Å"thinking†¦ of Wuthering Heights.† The â€Å"expression† could be interpreted as a smile, which would be â€Å"peculiar† to Nelly because she has been depressed living with Edgar, therefore a smile would be unusual; David Punter explains â€Å"Gothic reminds us we are driven by our passions† and Catherine’s passion is Heathcliff, which would explain her â€Å"expression† when thinking about Wuthering Heights. This idea of Catherine’s thought process in her â€Å"diseased mind† emphasises her pain and suffering because she cannot be without Heathcliff, her â€Å"soul,† yet she is continuously thinking about him, this is essentially what drives her insane. Catherine’s mental suffering is closely linked with her physical suffering which is an example that represents the â€Å"diseased body† in Wuthering Heights. Another character with a â€Å"diseased body† in Wuthering Heights is Isabella, whose â€Å"bruised† body is a valid example of suffering. Heathcliff’s â€Å"diseased mind† causes him to abuse Isabella which leads to her suffering and her injured body

Atmosphere and Fossil Fuel Inputs Essay

1. Weather and Climate. Discuss the concept of energy/mass conservation as it pertains to the climate system. Be sure to address each component of the climate system in your example and feel free to use multiple examples if necessary to address each component. 2. Facts and Fiction. Explain the figure below. Be sure to address the three key components discussed in class as well as the overall (net) anthropogenic impacts on global warming. 3. Atmospheric Composition & Structure. Draw a diagram labeling the five atmospheric layers discussed in class as well as the ozone layer. On your diagram, list the significance of each layer. 4. Atmospheric Circulation. Calculate the residence time of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere given the figure of the carbon cycle below. You can assume that the ocean, soil, vegetation and fossil fuel inputs together make the rate. 5. Ozone. Compare and contrast the two types of ozone depletion. Be sure to discuss the cause(s) of each, the impacts of each and the location of each at a minimum.

Women's Studies. Barbie Doll as the Model for Little Girls Essay

Women's Studies. Barbie Doll as the Model for Little Girls - Essay Example Though the patterns of dolls cannot be adopted completely by the girls, yet an overwhelming majority of them observes the same in one way or the other. Hence, the movements launched by the Barbie dolls designers and developers go a long way in respect of introducing and modifying the physique and appearance fashion trends within the social establishment, predominantly for the women folk, which maintain higher level of inclinations regarding adopting and following the fashion patterns in the light of the material objects being introduced by the fashion designers. Introduction: It has pertinently been viewed that Nature has created men and women in two entirely different patterns, where the difference between the members of both the genders is not confined to physical appearance only; rather, the people of the two genders also appear to be divergent ones in thoughts, views and exposure with regards to life and society (Crenshaw 54). It is due to these differences that their liking and disliking, as well as tastes and flavors also witness dissimilarities since the early childhood of the individuals belonging to the two opposite genders. It is therefore it is aptly argued that the girls are more idealistic and less practical in comparison to their male counterparts, and develop role models for them to imitate the same up to they seek the perfection point (Crenshaw 19). It is particularly the case while girls’ adopting the prevailing fashion-styles and manners in order to look attractive, fascinating and dandy eventually. The same can also be witnessed by witnessing the love and passion of the girls for their Barbie dolls. The researchers demonstrate the very fact that girls generally keep Barbie dolls of various kinds with them by taking them to be an ideal play-mate as well as a beautiful object to imitate their features and characteristics; it is therefore, they look for reducing their weight to such a great extent so that they could grow as thin as they o bserve their dolls having the smartness and slenderness with regards to their physiques at large (Dittmar et al. 283). It is perhaps in the nature of the girls that they care the dolls in such a manner as their mothers take care of the children (Schwarz 296); it not only reflects their innate motherly sentiments and desire to play the role attributed to mothers, but also demonstrates their hidden longings for mating and having a companion that exclusively belongs to themselves only. Hence, some invisible and unconscious sexual desires also urge the girls to keep a smart and captivating mate in the form of Barbie doll with them (Kuther & McDonald 42). In addition, sense of security and escape from loneliness and being unprotected also force the girls for keeping the dolls with them. The girls’ imitating the Barbie actually reflects their passion for espousing the cultural traits that have been in vogue in their social and physical environment (Kuther & McDonald 40). One of the most imperative reasons behind establishing the Barbie to be a model for smartness and beauty includes the (mis)conception by viewing it to be the symbol of perfect attractiveness the smart and good-looking girls must contain. Consequently, the girls attempt to keep the physique of the dolls in view in order to maintain their smartness and remain under-weight in order to capture the attention of the public in general, and their lovers in particular. Somehow, the medical specialists and healthcare

CAPM, ICAPM and Multifactor Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CAPM, ICAPM and Multifactor Models - Essay Example Later on research was conducted and the creators of CAPM theory related diversifiable which are unsystematic risks and non-diversifiable which are systematic risks for all the securities in the portfolio. Some management individuals conceived that CAPM is not genuine as it dominates participating management and investment study. Fabozzi and Markowitz (2002) state â€Å"even though the idea is not true it does not mean that the constructs introduced by the theory are not important. Constructs introduced in the development of theory include the notion of a market portfolio, systematic risk, diversifiable risks and beta.† CAPM helps to comprehend the fundamental risk-return trade-offs implied in all cases of financial determinations (Gitman, 2006). The international capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) takes into account countries as stock lists in world market is founded on capital asset pricing model. The difference in the methodical risks of countries results in the differences in excess returns. Previous experiential reports of international CAPM models did not find much proof to back up the model. The bond returns mirror alterations in the cost of bonds as well as coupons. Actually domestic regular risk can be branched out by investing internationally without paying off price in terms of lesser returns. With this viewpoint it is clear that the results got by ICAPM are so helpful to spread portfolio for international portfolio investors. If cross-sectional disparity in anticipated returns can be explicated by the ICAPM, the outcomes can be applied to assess capital market integration. The beginning point of ICAPM is that the construction of the theory of international finance for the most part reflects that of domestic financial theory (Adler and Dumas, 1983). Actually ICAPM normally takes into account the world market portfolio as an alternative to domestic market portfolio. Solnik (1974) also suggests that composite models

The effect of dividend policy (announcement) on share prices Essay

The effect of dividend policy (announcement) on share prices - Essay Example However, to what extent announcement of dividend policy can influence share prices are required some empirical testing. This paper attempts to examine whether announcement of companies’ dividend policy can significantly influence share prices in UK stock market. For the purpose of this study observations on dividend policy announcements of a group of FTSE 100 firms have been taken into account for a period of 2000-2009 and an event study has been conducted to test the level of significance of the effect of dividend announcements on the selected firms’ share prices. On the basis of the findings, the study has come to a conclusion that in UK, the event of announcement on dividend policy has potential to significantly affect share prices. To obtain desired level of outcome, it is very necessary to apply appropriate method while conducting a research. The reliability and validity of the research outcomes also to a large extent depend on the method that the research has followed. After choosing a particular subject, the must vital thing is to build an appropriate research design which will be followed throughout the whole research process. Research method varies with the type, aims and objectives of the research. Before deciding on any particular research method, it is necessary to evaluate the pros and cons of this method on the basis of research outcomes of the past studies. Research techniques are basically of two types – quantitative and qualitative. However, in some studies researchers also combine these two processes to form a ‘mixed-method’ approach. Qualitative research technique is used when the researcher’s inquiry is based on the participant’s opinion about a particular situation. In that method, the researcher wants to gather subjective data, therefore his personal knowledge and research methodology influences the research to some

Accounting project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accounting Project of Best Buy Incorporated - Assignment Example The Annual Report of the company in 2009 is also examined to identify the potential issues and strengths of the company. This is carried out to examine the financial position and performance of Best Buy during the recent three years so that a decision can be made whether it will be profitable to include this company’s stocks in the investor portfolio. Though the profits have declined in the last two years, over 100 stores were opened by Best Buy worldwide in the years 2008 and 2009. The company now has a total of about 155,000 employees (full time, part time and seasonal). In 2008, Best Buy acquired 50 % stakes in Best Buy Europe, Napster and 75 % stakes in Five Star. This has increased the portfolio of Best Buy and indicates the international growth in terms of a number of stores, investments and product base. The objectives set out for the near future include growing the market share, providing digital solutions, attaining international growth and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the operations. The net earnings have decreased by 29 % in 2009; however, the revenue has increased mainly due to the acquisition of Best Buy Europe. A reduction in customer traffic was recorded in 2009 when compared to 2008, mainly due to the global economic slowdown and reduction in consumer expenditure (Form10-K). The liquidity ratios compute the ability of the company to meet its liabilities with the assets at hand. They also indicate the effectiveness of the company in terms of debt collection and moving inventory to sales. The liquidity ratios for Best Buy are computed as shown below: The liquidity position of Best Buy has become very weak over the three years and the quick ratio is just 0.28 in 2009. The decrease in liquid assets can be attributed to the decreased customer traffic.

African American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

African American History - Essay Example The following study text will evaluate King’s role in the Civil Rights Movement with regards to his unique and effective strategies applied in acquiring overwhelming victory against white supremacy. Born in January 1929 as Michael Luther King, King grew up in religious environment and both his father and grandfather were pastors at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. In 1948, he earned a B.A. at the Morehouse College and proceeded to the Crozer Theological Seminary in 1951. In 1955, he earned a doctorate from the Boston University where he also happened to meet his wife Coretta Scott. After his graduation from Boston University, he began his pastoral role as at the Montgomery Avenue Baptist Church. This is where his journey into world history began. Rosa Sparks, a young black woman refused to give up her seat for a white person to sit in a bus and this had sparked controversy all over the United States around 1955. By chance, King’s Montgomery Church was chosen as the meeting venue to host one of the meetings to discuss the matter, and King happened to be there1. The meeting acted to recruit King into his call of advocating for the end to racial discrimination in the United States. Rosa Sparks was thrown into jail and King could not stomach the sense that she had been jailed for failing to give her seat to a white person. Following this, he planned his first public demonstration. In the same year, he mobilized the entire Montgomery [mainly African American] community to boycott the city’s transport service. He demanded equal rights for all. After an unending one year of boycott, a court ruling in Browder V. Gayle put an end to the discrimination on the public bus service and everyone was free to board the buses. This did not end, but sparked a new struggle aimed at eradicating racism all over the United States2. Martin Luther King Jr. was

Enlightenment And Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enlightenment And Religion - Essay Example Holy Bible was the last word and everything about a man was God-centric, God-decided, and God-given. KANTIAN CONCEPT: Enlightenment was an effort to break through this stagnant cultural context into the freedom of reason and knowledge. That’s why the German philosopher Immanuel Kant called enlightenment as the great leap forward for the humanity. â€Å"For Kant, Enlightenment was mankind’s final coming of age, the emancipation of human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Sapere Aude (dare to know) was Kant’s watchword taken from the Greek poet Horace† (Roy Porter, The Enlightenment, PP1). For Kant Enlightenment was an intellectual liberation; a release from man’s self-imposed tutelage. Because of this tutelage man was not able to understand the realities around him without the guidance of a super intellectual guardian. The situation is self-imposed not because the man had no intelligence but because he was not able to use the intelligence. Getting out of the intellectual dependence of the other was what Kant professed. Enlightenment was an intellectual movement. It was mostly a middle-class movement against the hereditary aristocracy and religion; a movement for the humanity in general and for the common man in particular. Though this movement is often associated with the 18th century, the roots of it go back further. Thinkers and writers who thought about the betterment of human life and society, who wanted to place ‘Reason† in the center of all human intellectual activity, who wanted to fight the tyrannical political system, and combat superstition and ignorance were trying to enlighten the people around them. Putting reason in the center of human inquiry opened the door to scientific curiosity and inquiries. Though the church could stop Galileo, they couldn’t stop the development of scientific ideas.

Consonants in old and middle english Research Paper

Consonants in old and middle english - Research Paper Example The second part of the paper has discussed the Middle English (1066-1500 CE). A table of consonants has been used to illustrate what consonants were like during the period. The inventory sounds of consonants of Chaucerian Middle English have been discussed in this section. Another feature highlighted in the section is the characteristics of Middle English. The paper has been concluded by justifying how the English language has developed after undergoing refine standardization for several periods. A consonant is a speech sound that is coherent to partial closure or complete closure of a vocal tract. Examples of consonants are t, p, k, h and s among others. Some consonants are pronounced at the front of the tongue, some at the back of the lip, some in the throat, some at the back of the tomgue and some are pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel. English is a language from West German, which originates from Anglo-Frisian Dialects. The language was brought to Britain by invaders and settlers from German (Fennell, 2001). These people settled in the present Netherlands and North West Germany. English is unique from other European languages of the same era in that it uses vocabularies. English is regarded as a borrowing language because most of its modern vocabulary originated from Anglo-Norman languages (Fennell, 2001). Middle English varied from old English because of the two invasions of the middle ages. The North Germanic language natives were responsible for the first invasion. These people conquered and colonized some parts of the Britain during 8th and 9th centuries A.D. The second invasion was caused by the Normans of the 11th Century, who were natives of old Norman. This language developed after sometime to English form and adopted the name Anglo-Norman. The new English vocabularies, which were used during the beginning of the Middle English times, influenced most organizations to a great extent. Some of the influenced organizations include;

Supply Chain Management in Fast Fashion Companies (Zara & H&M) Literature review

Supply Chain Management in Fast Fashion Companies (Zara & H&M) - Literature review Example Barnes and Lea-Greenwood's (2006) article on fast fashion and supply chain management has revealed significant information in regard to the so called fast fashion phenomenon. Their research on fast fashion and its relation to supply chain management have even caught the attention of well known fashion companies, enthusiasts and the business press. Although the concept is new in the fashion industry, the authors were able to explore widely and expound briefly the strategy that led Zara and H&M to where they are now. The authors have defined fast fashion as a form of business strategy that targets to lessen the number of processes that are undergone in a buying cycle and lead times to deliver new fashion products in stores. When this happens, customer satisfaction is met, and this satisfaction is being driven by the speed in delivering fashion products that are in line with the current trends. Fast fashion is a concept that is considered a "mainstay in UK's fashion industry" (Barnes & Lea-Greenwood, 2006). To modern fashion retailers such as Zara and H&M, fast fashion is a key strategy that has helped them attain success. The two well known fashion companies have adopted this strategy and have continuously changed their clothing styles and product ranges to adapt to what is "in" at any moment. Rapid changes are made attracting more buyers of apparels under the brands Zara and H&M. Furthermore, Barnes and Lea-Greenwood (2006) have inferred that fast fashion is associated with supply chain management. For instance, it has been proposed, in reference to the said perspective, that the framework of a fast fashion business is dependent to vertical integration. Vertical integration, according to Welters and Lillethun (2011), centralizes the supply chain allowing buyers to obtain goods in a short span of time and at an affordable price. In a fashion business, there is pressure in defeating the previous years' performance and this cycle is a usual scenario. In the modern times, success in retailing is being attributed to supply chains instead of companies (Hines, 2004 cited in Barnes and & Lea-Greenwood, 2006). On the other hand, the authors (Barnes & Lea-Greenwood, 2006) have contended that, in spite of being connected to supply chain management, fast fashion is not totally affiliated with the strategy. Findings of the study conducted by Barnes and Lea-Greenwood (2006) have identified fast fashion as a consumer-driven process. Many things were taken into serious consideration prior to arriving at this judgment. First, they were able to observe that, at present, individuality has already become the trend for the buyer's fashion demands. Most consumers want to set a trend, and this behavior increases the demand for fast fashion. Many designers consider quick access to the media as a means for the young consumers to gain knowledge in regard to the new fashion trends. Respondents of the survey conducted by the two authors have also conceded to their ju dgment and have stated that progress in fast fashion is being driven by the changing consumer demand making it a crucial aspect of fashion and fashion retailing. Hence, fast fashion is the answer to the changing consumer demand of modern times. Furthermore, the supply chain has to adjust for it to respond to inconstant consumer demands. The fast fashion business paradigm relies on the capacity of an individual to acquire and react positively to changes in consumer tastes. Responses to these changes in the fast fashion business model are quick since connections to fashion markets, and fashion makers are in proximity (Doeringer & Crean, 2006 cited in Welters &

Adlerian Theory Essay Example for Free

Adlerian Theory Essay Introduction and Rationale School counselors work with students in academic development, social and emotional skill development, and college/career development. Their work supports student success through education in these domains, improvement of skills, reduction of stress, and improvement in mental health functioning. As I read the article, School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Interventions, I couldn’t help but realize the importance of continued research on the effectiveness of school counseling interventions. This article focuses on the effectiveness of an array of school counseling interventions and not solely on individual and group counseling. The primary aim of this research was to review various literature pieces that relate to school counseling and identify their outcome and implications to the practice of school counseling. In this study, Meta-analysis 1 involved treatment control comparisons and Meta-analysis 2 involved pretest-posttest differences. The overall average weighted effect size for school counseling interventions was .30. The study examined whether relevant moderator variables influenced effect sizes. See more:  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay The pretest-posttest size was not significant, so moderator analyses were conducted on treatment control comparisons. Analyses of moderator variables indicated school counseling program activities or interventions varied in effectiveness Strengths and Weaknesses A meta-analysis of school counseling outcome research found an overall effect size of .30. Students who participated in the interventions improved almost a third of the standard deviation more than their peers who did not receive the interventions. In other words, school counseling interventions have a larger effect size than aspirin for preventing heart attacks (ES of .06) and an equivalent effect size to sertoline (Zoloft) compared to placebo, for  treating major depressive disorder (ES of .31). (Whiston Quimby, 2009). The use of meta-analysis offers some weakness on the research which is actually a common thing for meta-analytic researches. This results from the fact that the effect size’s quality is dependant on the quality of research and accuracy. Sampling inaccurate of ineffective research cases may also render the meta-analytic research weak due to the weakness of the researches sampled. The meta-analytic research may also be stronger due to the fact that it samples a mean of similar variables under various researches and thus providing an average that is a true representative of all researches. In order to improve the meta-analytic exercise it is good to first make an analysis of the article and ensure that they are classified appropriately and their content has high validity so that they may not negatively affect the analysis (Sexton, L.T., Whiston, S., 1998). Summary of Research Outcome A meta-analysis of school counseling research (117 studies, 153 school counseling interventions, and 16, 296 students) found an overall effect size of .30. The authors found that students who participated in school counseling interventions tended to score on various outcome measures about a third of a standard deviation above those who did not receive the interventions. School counseling interventions produced quite large effect sizes in the areas of discipline, problem-solving, and increasing career knowledge. The effect sizes were smaller, but significant, related to school counseling interventions’ impact on academic achievement. Surprisingly little school counseling research was found related to individual counseling. Concerning guidance curriculum, small groups were more effective than interventions that involved entire classrooms. Outcome research reflects that group counseling can be effective with students who are experiencing problems and difficulties. Applying this Research to Practice School counselors can improve the climate in their schools. They can also draw from a vast array of interventions that will help students increase  their academic achievement (Brown, 1999). One intervention that has been used for more than a quarter of a century is behavioral contracts. Behavioral contracts must have specific objectives, set attainable short-term goals, be monitored regularly, allow for immediate reinforcement, and be adjusted when they are not promoting the desired change. Other direct interventions frequently employed by school counselors include study skills groups, time management training, classroom guidance units aimed at improving test taking skills, and achievement motivation groups. Achievement motivation groups are led by the counselor, but involve input from the teachers and support for increased achievement from the students in the group. When students have educational and career goals, they do better in school. Counselors can facilitate the development of educational and personal goals by engaging students in individual and group activities that focus on goal setting. Some school counselors routinely ask students about interests, educational plans, and occupational goals and record these in their portfolios as one way of emphasizing the importance of goal setting. Research supports what educators have long understood: parent involvement is an important factor in student achievement (Brown, 1999). Parents who have a high level of commitment to their children, set high standards, maintain a stable home environment, and support achievement, have children who do better in school. Counselors can involve parents through parent consultation, parent education classes that teach parents how to support their children in schools as well as parenting skills, and by advocating for parents and students when students are not treated fairly by the educational establishment. They can also help keep the parents of children who are having difficulty in school apprised of their children’s progress by encouraging teachers to communicate more frequently with parents than once per grading period. Conclusion School counselors are under pressure to assist in the effort to increase student achievement. They can respond to this challenge by working to improve the school climate, using direct interventions such as teaching study skills and involving students in achievement motivation groups, and by increasing the involvement of parents in the educational process. As our culture and educational institutions change, school counseling practices are emerging to better meet the needs of today’s students. Resources Brown, D (1999). Proven strategies for improving learning and academic achievement. Greensboro, NC: CAPS Publications Sexton, L.T., and Whiston, S.C. (1998). A review of school counseling outcome research: Implications for practice. Journal of Counseling and Development volume 76, issue number pp 412-426. Whiston Quinby (2009). Review of school counseling research. Psychology in the Schools 46(3), 267-272. Schatzberg Nemeroff (2009). Textbook of Pyschopharmacology. Arlington, VA: The American Psychiatric Publisher. Whiston, Susan C; Wendi, Lee Tai; Rahardja, Daryn; Eder, Kelly. Journal of Counseling and Development. Winter 2011. Vol. 89. Issue 1, p. 37-55.

impact of feminism on fashion

impact of feminism on fashion Impact of Feminism on Fashion There has been a heated discussion on the equality of man and woman since a century ago when feminists began to strive for womens benefit. Compared to women in nineteenth century, women in this day and age have more rights and freedom. Women are now more considered to be independent individuals, as long time ago, they were possessions of men. Furthermore, women were compelled to follow every single order from men unconditionally. As an important impetus to fashion, feminism, which was mainly formed by three waves, has changed the stereotype significantly and lead to the decrease of restrictions on womens dressing. â€Å"Feminism encompasses many different theoretical, political and academic traditions. At the centre of feminist concerns, however, is the liberation of women from oppressive social practices and ideologies.†The first wave of feminist movement dated from nineteenth century to 1940s in United Kingdom and United States. Accompanied by anti-feudal movement, feminism finally became the most indispensable part and the criteria of social revolution. Originally it focused on the promotion of equal contract and property rights for women and the opposition to chattel marriage and ownership of married women (and their children) by their husbands. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of womens suffrage. Basically, it was the first time when women have the opportunity to vote. During this wave, World War I took place, which was another cause of changes in womens status. In order to defend national sovereignty, men were conscribed to fight in the battle front. Therefore, women had to do mens physical labour in factory. Females no longer stayed in the house only serving their own family, but also went out working to support the household and their country. Not accidentally, (see Illus. 1) Coco Chanels simple and practical designs catered to the needs of working women. In her shop, she sold â€Å"flannel blazers, straight linen skirts, sailor tops, long jersey sweaters and skirt-jackets†which were inspired by menswear. These convenient clothes enabled women to work with higher efficiency. †Chanel used such serviceable materials and relaxed patterns in the design of fashionable daywear for sophisticated urban women, safe in her knowledge of their aspirational and practical qualities.† Her accomplishment in fashion helped her situated in the roles of feminist pioneer. Simplicity has become a recognized characteristic of Coco Chanel and affected the fashion trend afterwards. Unfortunately, after the men returned from war when the WWI ended, women were dispatched back to the kitchen.†Still, an important new stage had been reached, since the induction of women into the war effort initiated the whole process of liberation.† Between early 1960s and late 1980s, it was the second-wave feminism. Though after the first-wave feminism women have won over some legal rights, they were still limited and oppressed in working place. Slightly different from the first wave, the second-wave feminism concentrated on issues of real equality of women such as eliminating discrimination. Feminists went all out marching and protesting in the street. Owing to their hard struggle, females gradually earned some equality in the working place and other aspects of life. In all their achievements, the most remarkable event was the release of some gynocentric legal reforms. Without the legal obstructions to womens personal freedom and professional achievement, women had a chance to prove themselves to be as capable as men. The 1960s, also called the Sixties, was a decade when tremendous changes happened to fashion. In this era, fashion was influenced by various factors such as â€Å"social mobility, daring fashion photography, easier travel abroad, the Vietnam War, new music of the Beatles and their much copied hairstyles, retro military and ethnic clothes, musicals, pop art and film all played a part†. Feminism was absolutely one of the most influential causes of all. Le Smoking (see Illus. 2), designed by Yves Saint Laurent in 1966, is a typical example of impact on fashion by feminism. Yves Saint Laurent wasnt the first person who created trousers for women. However, it was the first of its kind to draw attention in the fashion industry and the public. This innovative creation started androgynous style for women and pantsuits have been popular ever since. Its still one of the favourite outfits of office ladies in present-day society. The popularity of power suits demonstrates womens liberati on and equality between men and women to some extent. Besides, it provides women another choice in their wardrobes and dresses were not the only selection any more. In a word, the appearance of pantsuit is a symbol of women been considered to be an independent individuals in workplace. In group of people in younger age, some daring youths were seeking for something new in fashion as restrictions on women reduced.   Mary quants miniskirts (see Illus. 3), of which the hemline was set 6 or 7 inches above the knee, fulfilled their needs. It was controversial when it first came into the market, but then more people began to accept it in the mid-1960s and went into the major international trend. Miniskirt was reckoned to be a sign of womens liberation and enabled women to run and show their beauty without limits. The third-wave feminism began in the early 1990s, and the fashion in this decade was casual and comfortable. However, fashion and feminism dont always go hand in hand. The release of womens body didnt go further because every woman wants perfect body for both personal reason and attracting men. Wearing garments that show their nice body makes women feel better, more beautiful and sometimes even more confident. Fashion nowadays emphasized on silhouette and only slim and S-shape body is deemed to be beautiful. This brings stress on women and urges them to fit themselves into clothes that might be too tight. After struggling for equality for more than one hundred years, phenomena of inequality have decreased remarkably. But men have been in the dominant position for the majority of time in history. Reforms in laws are definitely not enough to change the status. To gain real equality, male chauvinism should be eliminated entirely. Anyway, its still a long way to go to have final equality of men and women.

The Operational Strategy for Gap Inc

The Operational Strategy for Gap Inc It is clear in the market that as an organization Gap is struggling. Profitability, changing customer needs and tastes and increased global competition has affected our performance. The Gap North America division for instance, has not posted an annual increase in sales at stores open at least a year since 2004. In 2009, sales were $3.82 billion, down almost one-third from where they were in 2004, Clifford (2011). At least four changes at CEO level have occurred, and as the new CEO, the need to determine and implement an effective operational strategy is of paramount importance. The objective of this presentation is to obtain board approval on the proposed Operational Strategy for Gap and any possible changes to the recommendations and conclusions drawn by the executive team. The methodology adopted involved reviewing the entire business operations of Gap and that of its leading competitors (especially Zara). This involved using secondary data from the case study, internet searches on trends and developments in the global fashion industry and that of the company. In the development of this operational strategy it was important to note that, the operational strategy is sub servant to the broad corporate strategy and using the Porters (1985) value chain analysis. This according to Heizer and Render (2011) uses identified activities that represent strengths or potential strengths and maybe opportunities for developing competitive advantage. It must be noted early, however, that an alternative perspective exist that the use of resource view approach. Using the resource view approach means that Gaps effectiveness is predicated by determining the optimum fit for the firms resources in the dynamic environment as noted by Heizer and Render (2011). A hybrid response and differentiation strategy shall be adopted as apposed to the traditional cost leadership strategy within Gap. Our focus and competitive advantage as an organisation has thus shifted from just become cheaper to becoming better and faster. This means that we are aligning to changes in cus tomer needs, increasing global competitiveness and a dynamic business environment. (A justification for this strategy is provided for in annexure 1 of this report). The CSFs necessary to ensure the success of the operational strategy included, effective communication, internal marketing, change management and while communication was found to be the most Cost of implementing changes to ensure that successful execution of the operational strategy was determined asà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. The recommendations put forward to the board included the need to adopt the operational strategy in line with understanding that radical change is a prerequisite. Critical Success Factors to include, internal marketing of the operational strategy, building a performance culture, ensuring effective communication and putting in place a reward-systems that are linked to performance are a must. Table of Contents Page 1.0 Design of goods 2.0 Process and Capacity Design 3.0 Location Selection 4.0 Layout design 5.0 Supply Chain Management 6.0 Inventory Management 7.0 Scheduling 8.0 Conclusion and Recommendations List of References Annexures 1.0 Design of goods 2.0 Process and Capacity Design 3.0 Location Selection 4.0 Layout design 5.0 Supply Chain Management Hanna and Newman (2002) define SCM as the configurations, coordination and improvements of a sequentially related set of operations. It is the output from operations referred to by Hanna and Newman (2002) that customers get, and therefore, the strategic emphasis of well-managed supply chain is to have a competitive advantage driven primarily by strong customer focus. Heizer and Render (2011) define SCM as the management of activities that procure materials and services, transform them into intermediate goods and final products and deliver them through a distribution system. The authors believe that in todays business competition is not between companies but rather supply chains. This means that if internal operations at Gap can be improved to surpass that of competition it will give our organisation a competitive advantage. This section of the report will focus on how Gap can change its relationship with suppliers and distributors and most importantly an evaluation of managing our purchasing and outsourcing activities in line with increased competitive activity. In reviewing the above the objective it to build a chain of suppliers that focuses on maximising value to the ultimate customer Heizer and Render (2011). The major challenge within Gap has been our inability to control and determine what is to be made and what is to be purchased effectively. As we maximise value along the chain we will be able to ensure that we improve on quality, delivery and innovation. Our global presences demands that the review of the supply chain be linked closely to the overall strategy of the business. In other words this means that the operational strategy must link back to the broad corporate strategy for GAP. Key aspects of this the broad corporate strategy and operational strategy is driven primarily be the need to increase competitiveness through product customisation, high quality, cost reductions and speed to market with the added emphasis being on the supply chain Heizer and Render (2011). Refer to the corporate strategy in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. It is proposed that a new integrated supply chain be adopted with Gap. This means that, having fewer suppliers and building on a centralised manufacturing. The advantages will be cutting down on unnecessary costs by suppliers while building on a pool of highly effective supplier base that is aligned to the firms overall vision and direction. Zara continues to use vertical integration as a method to build on expandin g its supply chain. The Japanese, method of Keirestu would work well as we combine both few suppliers and vertical integration. Whilst our traditional many-supplier strategy worked in the past suppliers were responsible for maintaining the technologies and expertise, costs and quality controls the surge in competitive activity especially form Zara has shown that centralised and or few supplier strategy works better. The need to focus on controlling supply and building on technological advantages is an imperative to the success in the industry. It will be necessary as few suppliers will help on improve inventory management as we move closer to the implementation of a JIT system. These few suppliers will be asked to participate in the design of goods by helping in the partnering in research and development initiatives to include, provide design innovations, input on changing customers tastes and needs and technological expertises. Review of existing Suppliers: our focus is to cut down on scatter and huge number of suppliers and thus focus on building dependable close yet very few suppliers with long-term strategic relationships Heizer and Render (2011) Because of the shift in focus of our broad strategy (differentiation) it means that the selection of our suppliers inevitably has to change. This change however is radical demanding that our lower end suppliers that are not cost effective and do not meet the changing requirements set by the organisation must be immediately cut out. Whilst the medium to long-term aspect of our strategy demands that we build a centralised manufacturing. This means that, existing risk associated with the environment (customs duties, tariffs, security screening, natural disasters, currency fluctuations, terrorists attacks and political issues), controls (management metrics and reliable secure communication for financial transactions product designs, and logistics scheduling) and process performance (raw material and component availability, quality and logistics) need to be considered, Heizer and Render (2011). Ongoing reviews of competitors centralised manufacturing performance will continue in line with building on the above necessary changes to ensure that risks identified can be mitigated. Heizer and Render (2011) proposes that while changes in the supply chain management happens differently in different organisation its success will depend on the building mutual agreement of goals, trust and compatible organisational culture. These are discussed in the conclusion section of the report. Fisher (1997) offers insight on how supply chain decisions affect strategy. Because Gap desires to use a hybrid strategy various aspects of Fishers input are critical to the success of the organisation. Our Supplier goals will equate to those of Benetton and that is to share market research jointly and develop products and options. Our Primary selection criteria however will select primarily for capacity, speed and flexibility. Gap would need to invest aggressively to reduce production lead time while use product design that lead to low setup time and rapid production ramp-up. 6.0 Inventory Management Effective supply chain management that is aligned to both a well-structured operational and corporate strategy has ensured that Zara remains highly profitable. It has also meant that it (Zara) can continue to build on its in-house production and inventory management systems. Backed by advanced technologies and inventory optimisation models Zara has been able to improve on its efficacy. To this end, Zara has a failure rate of 1% compared to the industry of 10%. The experiences that we have faced as an organisation in managing inventory has greatly performance because our 10% error rate in our clothing collection is very high and makes us very uncompetitive. In-part our many-supplier strategy is to be the cause of theses failures while in turn the fact that suppliers are many, makes the handling and processing of inventory very difficult from inbound logistics of raw material inventory to delivery of finished goods inventory. Two categories of inventory posses the biggest threat to our organisation and are a major concern. These are the management of raw material inventory and finished goods inventory. It is key to note that in line with changes in supply change, a review of our customer satisfaction (refer to Goods and service design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) suppliers, production schedules and human resource planning are key in achieving success in inventory management as noted by Heizer and Render (2011). Poor record keeping of inventory has also been a major problem this has been caused by the huge stock of unsold items returned from own store retail chains in exchange of in-season stocks. While the existing many-supplier strategy has also increased stock and warehouse as lead times for stocks continue to negatively affect stock holding levels and record keeping. This also in turn increases holding stock costs and insurance charges while our competitors especially Zara centralised distribution warehouses hold stock for only 72 hours. A very effective and simple system to implement in store is a two -bin system. It is the view of the executive that going back to basics in inventory control will play a critical role in ensuring that we succeed in tracking and monitoring stock movement for the group. If is difficult to worry about more scientific approaches such as probabilistic models when the major challenge is that we have excess stock of clothing lines that have not been sold. Art P eck the former CE for Gap the Northern American rightfully notes Unless we put cute clothes in front of our customer on the shelfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦everything else we do isnt going to matter. 7.0 Scheduling Contracting manufacturing has created major challenges for our organisation in the past, as lead times have been long, late deliveries and prevention of out-of stock situations become an on going exercise. Lessons from the industry have shown the need to restructure our scheduling in line with proposed changes in supply chain and inventory management. According to Heizer and Render (2011), the scheduling decision addresses the problem of matching productivity to fluctuating demands. It is however important to note that different processes suggest different approaches to scheduling. Based on our selected strategy and the position taken by our competitors such as Zara and HM, it is important that we build on process focused facilities in the medium to long term period as we seek to centralise our operations. This means that we generate a forward-looking schedule, where MRP generates due dates that are refined with finite capacity scheduling techniques as noted by Heizer and Render (201 1). Automated scheduling systems will be put in place with trained and competent personnel. This is necessary to ensure that accurate and relevant production database is maintained throughout the entire organisation. Therefore in the first few months of operationalising the CE and Operations Director will review item master file, routing file, work-centre master file to ensure that scheduling is down to satisfactory standards (something that my predecessors failed to effectively manage). In own store retail structures Gap will employ a strategy current used by Zara to effectively manage staff. This method involves cyclical scheduling as it has been proven to reduce man-hours and increase staff motivation. Software to perform scheduled staff based on stores forecasted sales volumes with location staffing even during peak periods has been identified and been purchased to achieve the above requirement of cyclical scheduling at own store retail locations. Feasible and efficient schedules of production must be developed, the demands of human resources and facilities must be determined and controlled Heizer and Render (2011). 8.0 Conclusion and Recommendations The above analysis has clearly shown that change is eminent within the organisation. It is important to note that this change is radical and has to be implemented immediately. The criticality of the operation strategy (like all other major programs such as the balanced score card) demands that executives are tasked with specific duties and responsibility to ensure its success. To this end, executive management must ensure that operational decisions assigned to them be coordinated and communicated effectively among all operational structures and divisions (a schedule for the critical implementation has been shown below). The major concern from a marketing perspective is our failure to provide customers with products that clearly meet their specific needs and or tastes. The ever-changing business environment and increased competitiveness globally has also worked against the firm. However, from a purely operational perspective this has meant that we need to change our operating model an d ensure that it is aligned to the broad corporate strategy. In this regard the most effective strategy will be a hybrid response and differentiation strategy. This strategy will be different to the traditional cost leadership strategy within Gap. Our focus and competitive advantage as an organisation has thus shifted from just become cheaper to becoming better and faster. This means that we are aligning to changes in customer needs, increasing global competitiveness and a dynamic business environment. Key aspects of differentiation that will be incorporated are innovative design and a shopping experience unmatched to competition whilst the response aspect of our strategy will ensure flexible manufacturing reliability in our inventory, supply chain and scheduling structures and quickness in process design (as this will now be a lean structure). Key Operations Decision Major activities to be conducted Responsibility Due Date Design of Goods Process and capacity design Location Selection Layout design Supply Chain Management Inventory Management Scheduling The success of the Operational Strategy will not solely be based on its adoption and approval by the board but also by the need and realisation that it has to be implemented. However, implementation will also involve change, Burnes (2004), effective communication, Thill and Bovee (2001), internal marketing, Keegan (2001) and redefinition of reward systems and performance culture, Hitt, Black and Porter (2004). These critical success factors will help build on trust, ownership, teamwork and transparency while ensuring the successful implementation of the Operational Strategy. 8.1 Performance culture Reid (2005), sums up a performance culture that Gap must adopt to achieve a credible performance learning system these are: Openness and trust: candor must be encouraged and managers have to be willing to speak the unspeakable. Trust produces an environment where there is less defensiveness when issues are raised; people react more honestly and ask questions. Managed differences: conflicts are addressed and unfulfilled commitments exposed, options and alternatives are looked at without predetermined outcomes. Simplicity and focus: there is focus on implementation, with clarity and precision defining what needs to be accomplished and how. There is commitment at every level to remove complexity from the way of doing business. Playing to peoples strengths: leaders know their people and match effectively talent and task, as they understand their peoples strengths and how best to elicit them. 8.2 Internal marketing Internal marketing must become part of the on-going process within Gap. This will involve functional process alignment, motivation and empowerment of employees at all levels to consistently deliver and satisfy customer experience. Internal marketing must empower employees and give them accountability and responsibility because it helps non-marketing staff to learn and be able to perform their tasks in a marketing-like manner. For the internal marketing to be effective, employees must internalise the core values of the organisation. Sponsors can print t-shirts, caps and merchandise to give employees to wear every Friday so that they remember the importance of the project. 8.3 Reward systems To address motivation and morale within Gap there is need to initial review the existing reward and performance bonus scheme. The traditional approach of linking this to bottom line heavily undermines long term sustainability of the organization, as managers and employees race to meet target. Having worked in operations, the risk is made high as we near the festive season sales personnel dump long shelf life products on customers (on the basis that they will be in critical short supply) so as to meet targets. This works well until two months down the line, customers either refuse to replenish orders and or return product because it is nearing expiration. These losses are usually only accounted for way after the productivity bonuses have been paid out and annual accounts drawn. Whilst it is important to inform or remind employees what results are desired and motivate them to achieve and exceed the performance targets, the performance learning system (balance score card will help addre ss ensure this is done with great transparency). To achieve the above, sponsors through the HR department must ensure: Drafting job description based on process requirements and characteristics Translating process goals and action plans, personal training and development requirements into personal performance measures. Defining appropriate performance targets based on known capability and desired characteristics. Formally appraising performance against the range of measures developed and compare with target performance. Rewarding and recognizing superior performance. A balance must be struck in selection of reward system mix for both long term and short term success of Gap. Thus, in the short-term, rewards such as bonuses, commissions and piece-rate payments can be used long-term rewards can constitute stock based incentives i.e. stock options, stock appreciation rights and phantom stock plans. 8.4 Change Management Having internally marketed the adoption of the Balanced Scorecard as a PMM system, performance measure owners, must manage the change process. The change being implemented in Gap is planned as it is being consciously embarked upon, Burnes (2006). Stages of the planned change will entail: exploration, planning, action and integration. During each stage identified above it will be necessary for performance measure owners to involve employees for the change process to be successful. The change process reinforces behaviors that are aligned to Gaps objectives through feedback and full utilization of the reward system being created. However, in the implementation of the balance scorecard and in effecting change as a critical success factor to the entire project barriers might impede the successful execution of the project. According to Burnes (2006) the barriers to effective change programs are: competing resources, functional boundaries, change management skills, communication, Them and us- the opposition element, people needs and training, unrealistic timetables, resistance to change and initiative fatigue These factors can occur at any stage and can affect employees both the general labour force and even managers and the executive. To overcoming these barriers, Burnes (2006) proposes communication, ability to establish high trust relationships, negotiation, Influencing and build on self confidence.

Essay --

Lauren Guillot Mrs. Hook English II - H 24 February 2014 Against the Legalization of Marijuana in the States The date was November 23rd 2015. "He spoke just three last words and eight short letters before he left the world on that cold winter night in Denver." He was a brother, a friend, a son, and a student, with a potential in life that could reach as far up as the stars in a clear nights sky. A death, caused by the legalization of marijuana in the United States of America, that could of been prevented if we only knew the harsh reality of the consequences of this demonic proposition. Present day February 2014 in the United States of America. â€Å"Just say no,† flew out the slogans against drugs. This attitude, burned into the young minds of millions, is now a rising conflict with the government and people who want to feel better by using marijuana. What happened to this way of thinking? What makes us think this is the new "norm" or should be apart of our everyday lives as Americans. We, as a country and as a whole nation of people, have the power of life and of death resting in our hands. The legalization of marijuana should be prohibited in the United States of America. One of the most difficult things to grasp is the social issues caused by the legalization of marijuana. One example of this is the potential increase of the drug falling into the hands of kids. Even unhealthy legal items such as cigarettes and alcohol are prohibited from being sold to kids. This is because kids do not show the same reasoning, responsibility, and judgment of an adult. Also their bodies are not as equipped to handle the intake of these substances. The problem is even much worse for marijuana use. Developing brains and ... ...related to the use of marijuana. Ultimately, the legalizing of marijuana should not be acceptable in the United States of America. In particular, social issues would be caused by this act of intolerance. Similarity, this would be of major effect to the children who have exposer of this in their lives. In this manner, the legalization would cause future progressions in other drug areas. Moreover, this is the "stepping stone drug" that will lead on to further and more harsh addictions. On the other hand, marijuana can cause serious, and even deadly health related problems. Studies by well-experienced researchers have shown this drug causing cancer and brain related illnesses. Everyone has hopes and dreams for the future, and a whole lifetime of joy and bliss ahead of them. However only despair and nightmares is in the future if this legalization comes true.

African-american Troops In The Civil War: The 54th Massachusetts :: essays research papers

African-American Troops in the Civil War: The 54th Massachusetts The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts was organized in early 1863 by Robert Gould Shaw, twenty-six year old member of a prominent Boston abolitionist family. Shaw had earlier served in the Seventh New York National Guard and the Second Massachusetts Infantry, and was appointed colonel of the Fifty-fourth in February 1863 by Massachusetts governor John A. Andrew. As one of the first black units organized in the northern states, the Fifty-fourth was the object of great interest and curiosity, and its performance would be considered an important indication of the possibilities surrounding the use of blacks in combat. The regiment was composed primarily of free blacks from throughout the north, particularly Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Amongst its recruits was Lewis N. Douglass, son of the famous ex-slave and abolitionist, Frederick Douglass. After a period of recruiting and training, the unit proceeded to the Department of the South, arriving at Hilton Head, South Carolina, on June 3, 1863. The regiment earned its greatest fame on July 18, 1863, when it led the unsuccessful and controversial assault on the Confederate positions at Battery Wagner. In this desperate attack, the Fifty-fourth was placed in the vanguard and over 250 men of the regiment became casualties. Shaw, the regiment's young colonel, died on the crest of the enemy parapet, shouting, "Forward, Fifty- fourth!" That heroic charge, coupled with Shaw's death, made the regiment a household name throughout the north, and helped spur black recruiting. For the remainder of 1863 the unit participated in siege operations around Charleston, before boarding transports for Florida early in February 1864. The regiment numbered 510 officers and men at the opening of the Florida Campaign, and its new commander was Edward N. Hallowell, a twenty-seven year old merchant from Medford, Massachusetts. Anxious to avenge the Battery Wagner repulse, the Fifty- fourth was the best black regiment available to General Seymour, the Union commander. Along with the First North Carolina Colored Infantry, the Fifty-fourth entered the fighting late in the day at Olustee, and helped save the Union army from complete disaster. The Fifty-fourth marched into battle yelling, "Three cheers for Massachusetts and seven dollars a month." The latter referred to the difference in pay between white and colored Union infantry, long a sore point with colored troops. Congress had just passed a bill correcting this and giving colored troops equal pay. However, word of the bill would not reach these troops until after the battle of Olustee. The regiment lost eighty-six men in the battle, the lowest number of the three black regiments present. After Olustee, the Fifty-fourth was not sent to participate in the bloody Virginia campaigns

Evaluation of Canon’s Strategies Essay

The first part of this investigation involves an evaluation of the strategies used by Canon and the key factors for success. In order to being this review, it is first necessary to consider how the company has performed in recent years. Table 1 provided below provides an overall review of the organization’s performance in recent years. The data clearly suggests that Canon has made notable progress toward developing market share, revenues and profitability. In addition to reducing its debt to asset ratio in 2008, the organization also increased its stockholder equity to assert ratio. Table 1: Key Performance Indicators for Canon, 2004-2008 [pic] Data courtesy of: http://www. canon. com/ir/annual/2008/report2008. pdf Other indicators of Canon’s success are provided in Figures 1 and 2 below. These illustrations provide a review of net sales and ROE/ROA for 2003-2007. Figure 1: Net Sales for CanonFigure 2: ROE/ROA for Canon Data courtesy of: http://www. canon. com/ir/annual/2007/report2007. pdf With the realization that Canon has performed so well in recent years, it is pertinent to consider the specific areas which have promulgated success for the organization. A crucial review of the case information provided on the organization suggests that there are a number of pertinent strategy elements which have been pertinent to the success of the organization. In particular the organization has worked to develop a mission and vision which it has incorporated on all levels of its operations. The development of a guiding mission for the organization is essential for success (Henry 2007). Missions provide the foundation for the development of actionable processes which can be used for moving the organization toward specific goals (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2008). In addition to developing a mission and vision which provided the organization with a directive for action, Canon also developed a firm strategy focused on attainable goals for operations. Specifically, the organization set the specific goal of obtaining 30 percent of the world market by the 1980s. Research regarding the current state of achieving this objective suggests that even though Canon has not been able to maintain a 30 percent market share in the industry, it has overcome competitor Xerox to become second only to Hewlett Packard. Figure 3 below provides a review of global market share for companies competing in Canon’s industry. Figure 3: Global Market Share for Canon and Competitors [pic] (Data courtesy of â€Å"Office electronics industry profile,† 2008, p. 12) The focus on a specific goal for the organization has clearly had an impact on outcomes for operations. By using this specific goal for development, Canon has been able to set clear, measurable objectives which can be evaluated by the organization to determine outcomes. Setting measurable goals is an important component of developing a strategic plan for the organization (Huang, 2009). Measurable goals are viewed as essential to the successful implementation of a strategic plan which provides significant results for the ongoing development of the organization. Another issue which appears to have had notable implications for the successful development of Canon is the use of specific core competencies to ensure the outcomes of operations. In addition to developing a strategic plan which provided clear and measurable objectives, the organization delineated specific core competencies which it has been able to optimize in order to coordinate its strategic objective and achieve its goals. A review of what has been noted regarding the use of core competencies suggests that core competencies can provide the organization with the ability to focus development in particular areas (Zook, 2007). This process, in turn, sets the stage for the development of management practice and shapes how the organization approaches the market and its competitors. Collis and Montgomery (2008) provide a more integral review of core competencies noting the importance of review intended core competencies in the context of the external environment in which an organization competes. As reported by these authors, organizations need to consider the external environment and competitors in developing core competencies. While it is evident that core competencies must meet the internal demands and capabilities of the organization, Collis and Montgomery assert that improper alignment of core competencies in light of competitors and the larger industry in which the organization operates will result in failure of core competencies to be effective. In developing its core competencies, Canon appears to have taken these issues into consideration. The specific outcomes in this area are witnessed by the fact that in the 1970s, Xerox held a majority market share, which it has subsequently lost to Canon. In the 1970s, Canon recognized that the formula for success being used by Xerox was not the same formula which it wanted to pursue in the development of its organization. In this context, Canon chose to pursue a different pathway for competitive development; one which enabled the company to synthesize its internal capabilities with the market environment to create a unique competitive advantage against its largest rival. Because of this process of developing particular core competencies for operations, Canon was able to maximize its internal capabilities and use this as a strategic advantage in the marketplace. In summarizing the overall approach used by Canon to develop its strategic plan and subsequent management processes, it seems reasonable to argue that Canon did more than just place words on paper to establish a foundation for the organization. Rather, the organization developed a comprehensive plan for vision, strategy and development which were implemented on every level of the organization’s operations. In addition to delineating the larger objectives for the organization, Canon developed all of the intermediate steps that would be needed to achieve these objectives. In doing so, the organization aligned all of its activities toward the achievement of the organization’s overall strategy. The development of strategy in this manner is commensurate with what scholars note about the strategic planning and management processes. Kaplan and Norton (2008) assert that the strategy planning and development processes for the organization often end in failure because of the inability of the organization to effectively execute its strategy. Further, these authors assert that strategy failure is common because of implementation problems which manifest as organizations attempt to make critical connections between strategy objectives and specific outcomes which will be achieved to ensure that objectives are reached. Placing this information into the case of Canon, it becomes evident that these issues did not arise. Rather than struggling to implement, the organization developed to tools and resources needed to effectively ensure that it built a foundation which would enable success. It is this specific process which has enabled the success of Cannon. When strategy development is formulated as more than just specific words on paper the end result is the development of a strategic plan which provides concrete action steps for the organization to take. With these action steps in place, the organization is better poised to control the development of the strategic plan and its implementation (Neilson, Martin & Powers, 2008). This element of control in the strategic planning process has been noted to be an important contributor to the success of strategic implementation. When control is established in the strategic planning process, the organization is able to dictate the specific changes which will occur and respond to outcomes in a manner that is commensurate with the capabilities of the company and responsive to the specific external environment which will impact the outcomes of operations. What Other Companies Can Learn With a basic review of the success of Canon in the development of its strategy provided, it is now possible to consider what, if anything, can be learned by other companies from this case. In examining the development and outcomes of Canon, it becomes evident that the specific protocols and practices which have been used by the organization to achieve success should not be mimicked by other companies. Even though Canon has been quite successful in its efforts to develop its products and services, the reality is that other companies cannot expect to use the same formula for success and to achieve the same outcomes achieved by Canon. Other companies have attempted to use this approach in the past—i. . Circuit City, K-Mart, etc. Even though mimicking another organization may provide some benefits in the short-term, the reality is that the outcomes achieved will not provide an organization with a long-term foundation for development. Even though companies examining the case of Canon may not be able to use the same specific tactics employed by the organization, Canon did employ a number of general models for strategic planning and development which could be considere d by other organizations. In particular, the development of core competencies for operations is an important tool which other companies could consider for success. An examination of models for the development of core competencies in the organization suggests that companies need to begin with a core strategy for the development of their operations. Once this core strategy has been delineated, it is then possible to articulate specific areas of organizational development by attaching them directly to the core strategy. Figure 4 on the following page provides a generic model of how core competency development for the organization has been conceptualized in for translation of core competencies into organizational practice. The application of this model to the development of core competency planning for the organization would serve as the foundation for the development of the basic ideas which could then be used for the further development of the organization. Based on the specific core competencies decided upon by the organization, a formal strategic plan for organizational development could be implemented. This plan would need to reflect the development of measurable goals to ensure the overall success of achieving core competencies. Figure 4: Generic Model for Core Competency Planning [pic] Image courtesy of: http://www. ulv. edu/cbpm/business/img/mba_exp_graphic. jpg Once the core competencies for the organization have been delineated, it will then be possible for companies to consider the development of a strategic plan. Examining the specific steps used by Canon, it becomes evident that solid advice for planning and development in this area are provided in the case. In addition to developing a driving vision and mission, the organization also implemented critical success factors which enabled the organization to formulate goals. The goals were codified in the context of action steps which provided a concrete foundation for the organization to achieve success. All of these issues were supported by the core competencies established by the organization. Figure 4 below provides a review of this process and demonstrates how other organizations could effectively adopt this process to generate success in their strategic planning and management processes.

The Italian Retreat from Modern Architecture

The Italian retrograde from Modern Architecture fizgig Pont, Nonlinearity and others Italy is modify in Europe, south side bust Transition Inter image Difficult shoes in the way they accept refugees, pressures Italy pee-pee never been absolute 1860- integrate by man just none nary(prenominal) unified in region, approaches to life, culture and language get off gr expel amounts in the midst of cities of Italy. 1959?Renee Bonham Nonlinearity, the Italian swallow from modern architecture Attacking single new Italian architects that were trying to be dedicate in the way they genuine architecture, Just interested in themselves ext prohibit Canella, a varlet from the article on the Amsterdam School Renee Bonham, conclusion of his article in The Architectural Review Ernest Nathan Rogers, Continuity o crisis? (Continuity of crisis? ), Isabella, no. 1 5, April-May 1957 proto(prenominal) twentieth carbon example of modern architecture, not an uncontaminating clean archite cture of railroad car Bonham is English, throw outnot regard how Italians perceived architecture, they did not look out it was something that could exalt or save the world. Nonlinearity the type of architecture that was used in certain separate of Europe around he end of 19th century beginning of 20th common ground, trying to shift from eighteenth and 19th century architecture but was not interested in architecture as a machine and that solicitude Bonham is much more black and white, Isabella, no. 1 5, April-May 1957, content page with get word of project in El Heaver by Pepper Eduardo Persist, Salad Della Aviators (Victory Room), VI periodic, Milan, 1936 Adulterate Liberal, sideslip Maladapted, Capri island, Naples, 1938-40 Window Frames- full of matter Floor- not a functions type of modernist Window tush of fireplace, sense of merging with the sun and the white-livered orange lames of the fire. Onto born 1891-1979, generation of El Sorbs product of Italy TM most gr pos sessup architect that tried to understand businessperson importance of discussion rather than getting to a point founder and managing director of Dooms magazine director of Stile magazine fizgig apex, Mate laureateship (In praise of Architecture), book, 1957, cross page shaft Pont, Laureateship e UN Cristal (Architecture is a crystal), (a payoff that was published a bit earlier) Stile magazine, spoil page Misaims Campaign, portrait of the delegate family, exposure ads for Richard Ignoring products, Dooms no. 1 GIG point, lancet Pont, kitchen plates for Richard Ignoring, 1923-25 , Vase, ceramic innateize gig Pont, Hands, ceramic mesh mansion in via Rancid, Milan, 1924-26 point, fizgig focalize, sign in via Rancid, Milan, 1924-26 point, uneasy Boutique, Searches, 1925-26 El Couriers, Vile Stein, Searches, 1927 Comparison of two kins El Sorbs machine type of plan Built similar time but different eras lance Pont, Vile Bouillon, Searches, 1925-26, view fizgig Poin t, House in Via Domenici, Milan, 1928-30 lance Pont, House in Via Domenici, Lantern on the detonatortop Fillips Brucellosis, Lantern on top of dome, S. m are del Floor, FlorenceGig Pont, Graphic and Textile project work Gig Point, Graphic and Textile design work Gig Point , Aria Italian magazine, cover page Gig Point, Dooms Serene, Via De Togging, Milan, 1933-36, frontage Dooms Latin word for house Vs.. El sorbs towards a new architecture, you can take heed the difference between the two Gig Point, Typical Houses Via De Togging, Milan Gig Point, Dooms Julia, Via De Togging, Milan, 1931-34, cash in ones chips entourage in houses were only allowed to be so big in order to assistance deal with the demand for housing Point created the idea of using a divider in the middle of a populate to create two roomsItalians dont have succor hand shops because they keep everything, would never see a garage sale etc.. correct stay in the same house windows that frame views Gig Pont, Mar mot House, Milan, 1933-36 working with curtains, works with lots more things than Just the wall believed calculative article of furniture was part of the architecture , home(prenominal) seat, army installation at the sixth Triennial, Milan, 1936 GIG point dinner set, answer Gig Pont, dinner set and tablecloth, mouthpiece Gig Point, dinner set and tablecloth , Ferreira company, professorship office, capital of Italy, 1936 Vendetta Furnishings, (an organized wall), Milan, 1938 Amour Belle, Table- container, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, connectedness J.Voodoo et Bruno Danes, Milan, 1994 Calvin, Merlin, Mayo, Window-screen, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 Calvin, Merlin, Mayo, Window-screen, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 Bruno Veering, movable shelving system, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 Bruno Veering, movable shelving system, prototype, Ghetto-Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 idea of having a single element wi th multiple functionsGig Point, Bed, furniture design Marco Removable, Mart Laudanum, Nomadic unreal Panel, prototype, Ghetto- Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 kinetic transitional Raisin rise, nigh works as context itself Softness, strangle sense of mountain accompanies organic roof point, Lamp, 1960 Ambient Exhibition, Milan, 1994 Antonio Astor, Intemperate (Internally) furniture system, Deride production, sass Joe Colombo, Box 1, day-and-night furniture facility, 1968 Joe Colombo, unbowed Plastic System, furniture system, 1969 idea of liberating plenty from the kitchen Joe Colombo, Root-living, furniture design, 1969Joe Colombo , cabriolet-seed, 1969 , Multi-chat, 1970 , Mint-kitchen, 1963 Joe Colombo, Combo-center container, 1963 Joe Colombo, Tube-Chat, 1969 Joe Colombo, Visions exhibition, 1969 Gig Pont, practice of medicine Building, Milan, interiors, 1935-38 Gig Point, medicament Building, Milan Gig Pont, Medication Building, Milan Gig Pont, Raisin rule, Milan, 1933 -36, perspective drawing Gig Pont, Raisin pillar, Milan, 1933-36, photo with neoclassic Portal Venetian in the foreground Gig Pont, Raisin column, Milan, the chromatography column and the park Gig Pont, Raisin Tower, Milan, rooftop GIG point, Rarest -rower, Milan, 1933-36Pitter Dieresis, Tower Building, Berlin, 1986 Pitter Dieresis, Tower Building, Berlin, 1986, plan + elevations, drawing Pitter Dieresis, Tower Building, Berlin, view from the street tower view at night, looked like a scene Gig Pont, Raisin Tower, Milan, side fade Pitter Dieresis, Tower Building, Berlin, view from the street Dieresis tower wants to be a mediator between the road and Gig Point, Scenes and costumes design for Stravinsky Applicable, Triennial Theatre, Milan, 1940 Gig Point, glass bottles and cups, design for Venin Company, 1946-49 Gig Pont, La Paving coffee machine, Milan, 1948Gig Pont, Andrea Dorian ship, interiors, 1948-52 POINT WAS ready(a) TO DECORATE DCORE, this was not back up by modernism I n production, mental synthesis offices, he becomes very rigorous in impressibility in Milan, people dress recherche but all the same Rome things change, they are much more began with colors, eat outside Linking back to how there is a large cultural difference in each city e etc. Dulcimer store, Milan, interiors with surrealist objects, late ass, early ass , Casino, San Remote, interiors and furniture, 1950 Gig Pont, Casino, San Remote, interiors and furniture , Staccato Apartment, interior and furniture, 1950Gig Point (with bagpiper Fornicates), Interior exhibition, 9th Triennial, Milan, 1951 Gig Point (with Piper Fornicates), Lucian Apartment, interiors and decorations, 1951 Gig Point (with Piper Fornicates), Lucian Apartment, early (and decorated) version of Supercharger chair, 1951 Gig Pont, his own architectural office, Milan, 1952 Gig Pont, his own architectural office, interiors Milan, 1952 Eduardo Persist, Marcello Nozzle, Salad Me declineval door (Gold Medals Room), Itali an aeronautics Exhibition, 1934 Gig Point, Mate laureateship (In praise of Architecture), book, 1957, cover Point is very good with sensibility of spaceGig Point, Supercharger chair, 1957 Chivalric chair supercharger, super light chair, can be lifted with pinky palpate very famous, incorporate everyday objects camber design, beautiful but clumsy maneuver Canella, furniture design, prototype, Nevi aim per IL sprightly Italians (New Design for Italian Furniture) Exhibition, 1960 Roberto Gigabit & Mario Sisal, furniture design, prototype, Nevi Design per IL erratic Italians Exhibition, 1960 Aledo Rossi, Table, prototype, Nevi Design per IL planetary Italians Exhibition, 1960 Josef Hoffmann, Stole Building, Brussels, 1905 Rossi looks at structures that are much more linearHoffmann, type of loge that marks the buildings, much more conceptual Age Ailment, Rocking chair, prototype, Nevi Design per IL restless Italians Exhibition, 1960 Age Ailment, Bookshelf, prototype, Nevi Desig n per IL wandering Italians Exhibition, 1960 Vitriol Garrotter, armchair, prototype, Nevi Design per IL Mobile Italians Exhibition, 1960 Umber Rival, deckchair, prototype, Nevi Design per IL Mobile Italians Exhibition, 1960 all furniture about putting more rather than less gentleman posture curved Achilles Castigation, orgy Brad Pub-Bar-Restaurant, Milan 1960 Achilles Castigation, Splurge Brad Pub-Bar-Restaurant, Milan 1960 Achilles Castigation, San Luck armchair, prototype sense of mean, floating lamps (named afterward the restaurant) total linear, rather than Just repeat the same element Marco Suzann, Lady, armchair, 1950 Franco Albania, Margarita, Malice bamboo-cane armchair, 1950 Gig Point, Continuum, cane-chair, Poinciana production, 1963 Gig Point, Novella, armchair, C&B production, 1968 Gig Point, Villa Plainchant, Caracas, Venezuela, 1955 closed volumes, moments of surprises materiality with layers, take layers to modernism Gig Pont, Point apartment, Via Daze, Milan, 19 57, interiors designed his own house, colorful tiles. Decorations very triumphal Gig Pont, Furnished window for an exhibition in New York, 1953 interested in discussing con-fusion, to be one, inability to differ areas of space decorated elements that duplicate themselves in mirrors around.Gig Point, Hotel char die Principia, Rome, 1964, interiors Gig Pont, Hotel Parch die Principia, Rome, 1964, interiors Gig Point, Hotel Parch die Principia, Rome, 1964, fade (detail) Gig Pont, project for an Italian Embassy building, early sass, drawings interested in natural mass architectural form to a natural form and vise versa not specially interested in function Gig Pont, vigorous fixtures set, Ideal Standard, 1953, drawings with notes Gig Pont, wholesome fixtures set, Ideal Standard, 1953, washbasin Gig Pont, hearty fixtures set, Ideal Standard, 1953, toilet Gig Pont, sanitary fixtures set, Ideal Standard, 1953, toilet and more set components Gig Point, steel flatware, Italian Group, 9t h Triennial, Milan, 1951, sketches and notes Gig Point, steel flatware, Italian Group, 9th Triennial, Milan, 1951 Idea of redesigning a fork Gig Point, vases, Sebastian production, 1956

Classical Concerto

CONCERTO A concerto (from the Italian concerto, plural concerti or, often, the anglicised turn concertos) is a medicinal drugal composition usually self-possessed in three parts or travails, in which (usually) one solo instrument (for instance, a piano, violin, cello or crimp) is accompanied by an orchestra.The etymology is uncertain, but the joint seems to have originated from the conjunction of the two Latin speech communication conserere (meaning to tie, to join, to weave) and certamen (competition, fight) the idea is that the two parts in a concerto, the soloist and the orchestra, alternate episodes of opposition, cooperation, and independence in the creation of the medical specialty flow. The concerto, as understood in this flairrn way, arose in the Baroque termination facial expression by side with the concerto grosso, which contrasted a small classify of instruments with the rest of the orchestra.The popularity of the concerto grosso get to declined after the Baro que period, and the genre was not bring around until the 20th blow. The solo concerto, however, has re primary(prenominal)ed a vital medicational force from its inception to this day. undefiled concerto . Sonata fake in the Classical ConcertoFor exposition, k directlyledge and limited review, The concerti of the sons of Johann Sebastian Bach are peradventure the best links amid those of the Baroque period and those of Mozart. C. P. E. Bachs keyboard concerti contain or so initiative-class soloistic writing.Some of them have runs that run into one another without a break, and at that place are frequent cross- tendency thematic references. Mozart, as a boy, made arrangements for harpsichord and orchestra of three sonata effects by Johann Christian Bach. By the time he was twenty, Mozart was equal to(p) to write concerto ritornelli that gave the orchestra admirable opportunity for asserting its fibre in an exposition with some tail fin or six sharply contrasted wri te reports, before the soloist enters to elaborate on the actual. He wrote one concerto each for flute, oboe (later rearranged for flute and known as Flute Concerto No. ), clarinet, and bassoon, quadruple for horn, a Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra, a Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra, and Exsultate, jubilate, a de facto concerto for twofold voice. They all exploit and explore the characteristics of the solo instrument. His five violin concerti, written in quick succession, visual aspect a number of influences, notably Italian and Austrian. some(prenominal) passages have leanings towards folk symphony, as manifested in Austrian serenades. However, it was in his twenty-seven original piano concerti that he excelled himself. citation need It is conventional to state that the outgrowth lawsuits of concerti from the Classical period onwards follow the organise of sonata mildew. ut to the highest degree movements are often in rondo potpourri, as in J. S. Bachs E Major Violin Concerto. 2 Sonata form Sonata form is a large-scale musical structure utilise widely since the middle of the 18th century (the early Classical period). While it is typically utilise in the offshoot movement of multi-movement fractions, it is sometimes used in subsequent movements as well in particular the nett movement.The teaching of sonata form in music theory rests on a specimen comment and a series of hypotheses about the underlying reasons for the potency and variety of the forma definition that arose in the sanction quarter of the 19th century. 2 There is morselary disagreement that on the largest level, the form consists of three main divisions an exposition, a organic evolution, and a recapitulation3 however, beneath this, sonata form is difficult to pin down in call of a single model.The standard definition focuses on the thematic and harmonic organization of tonal poppycocks that are acted in an exposition, elaborated and contr asted in a study and thence resolved harmonically and thematically in a recapitulation. In addition, the standard definition recognizes that an grounding and a stopping point whitethorn be present. from each one of the pricks is often further dissever or characterized by the particular means by which it accomplishes its function in the form.Since its establishment, the sonata form became the most common form in the get-go movement of whole kit and boodle entitled sonata, as well as other languish whole kit and boodle of real music, including the symphony, concerto, string quartet, and so on. 3 Accordingly, there is a large body of theory on what unifies and distinguishes exercise in the sonata form, both within eras and between eras. even up works that do not adhere to the standard description of a sonata form often present analogous structures or can be examine as elaborations or expansions of the standard description of sonata form.Outline of sonata form Introduction T he Introduction section is optional, or whitethorn be reduced to a minimum. If it is protracted, it is, in general, pokey than the main section, and frequently focuses on the rife key. It may or may not contain square that is later stated in the exposition. The entrance increases the exercising weight of the movement, and also permits the composer to incur the exposition with a theme that would be too light to start on its own, as in Haydns Symphony No. 03 (The Drumroll) and Beethovens tailfin for Piano and Winds Op. 16. The introduction usually is not include in the exposition repeat. On cause, the material of introduction reappears in its original tempo later in the movement. Often, this occurs as late as the coda, as in Mozarts String Quintet in D study K. 593, Haydns Drumroll Symphony, or Beethovens Piano Sonata No. 8 (Pathetique). commentary The primary thematic material for the movement is presented in the Exposition. This section can be further divided into sever al sections.The resembling(p) section in most sonata form movements has prominent harmonic and thematic parallelisms (although in some works from the 19th century and onward, some of these parallelisms are undetermined to considerable riddances), which include number 1 theme sort, P (Prime) this consists of one or to a greater extent themes, all of them in the home key (also called the refreshing)so if the piece is in C study, all of the music in the first radical pull up stakes be in C major. Although some pieces are written differently, most follow this form. alteration, T in this section the composer inflects from the key of the first subject to the key of the turn.Second subject crowd, S one or some(prenominal) themes in a different key from the first assort. If the first group is in a major key, the sec group will usually be in the predominate. If the original key is C major, for example, the key of the music of the second group will be G major, a perfect fifth higher. If the first group is in a minor(ip) key, the second group will, in general, be in the relative major, so that, if the original key is C minor, the second group will be in E-flat major. The material of the second group is often different in daily round or mood from that of the first group (frequently, it is to a greater extent lyrical).Codetta, K the purpose of this is to bring the exposition section to a close with a perfect measuring rod in the same key as the second group. The exposition is commonly repeated, particularly in sheer works. Often, though not always, the last measure or measures of the exposition are slightly different between the repeats, one to point back to the tonic, where the exposition began, and the second to point towards the ontogenesis. Development In general, the development starts in the same key as the exposition ended, and may move through m both different keys during its course.It will usually consist of one or to a greater extent th emes from the exposition altered and on occasion pose and may include new material or themes though exactly what is acceptable practice is a famous point of contention. Alterations include taking material through distant keys, breaking down of themes and sequencing of motifs, and so forth. The development varies greatly in length from piece to piece and from time period to time period, sometimes being relatively short compared to the exposition (e. g. , the first movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525/I by Mozart) and in other cases quite long and detailed (e. . , the first movement of the Eroica Symphony by Beethoven). Developments in the classical era are typically shorter due to how frequently composers of that era valued symmetry, un alike(p) the more communicative romantic era (Eroica is considered to be the first amative symphony) in which development sections gain a much greater importance. However, it almost always shows a greater degree of tonal, harmonic, and rhyt hmic instability than the other sections. At the end, the music will usually return to the tonic key in preparation of the recapitulation. On occasion it will actually return to the sub-dominant key and then proceed with the same transition as in the exposition). The transition from the development to the recapitulation is a critical moment in the work. The last part of the development section is called the retransition It prepares for the return of the first subject group in the tonic, most often through a grand prolongation of the dominant seventh. Thus, if the key of the movement is C major, the retransition would most typically stress the dominant seventh chord on G.In addition, the character of the music would signal such a return, often fair more frenetic (as in the case of the first movement of Beethovens Waldstein Sonata, Op. 53). A rather notable exception to the harmonic norm of the retransition occurs in the first movement of Brahmss Piano Sonata No. 1, Op. 1. The gener al key of the movement is C major, and it would then follow that the retransition should stress the dominant seventh chord on G. Instead, it builds in chroma over the seventh chord on C, as if the music were proceeding to F major.At the height of the musical tension, this chord triumphs with great volume and wide registral celestial orbit on the downbeat, only to take up at one time the first theme in C major that is, without any standard harmonic preparation. Occasionally, the retransition can begin with a false recapitulation, in which the opening material of the first theme group is presented in a key other than the tonic. The surprise that ensues when the music continues to modulate toward the tonic can be used for each comic or dramatic effect. RecapitulationFirst subject group normally given prominence as the cotton up of a recapitulation, it is usually in exactly the same key and form as in the exposition. Transition Often the transition is carried out by introducing smart material, a kind of brief additional development section this is called a secondary development. Second subject group usually in roughly the same form as in the exposition, but now in the home key, which sometimes involves change of mode from major to minor, or vice versa, as occurs in the first movement of Mozarts Symphony No. 0 (K. 550). More often, however, it may be recast in the parallel major of the home key (for example, C major when the movement is in C minor like Beethovens Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67/I). Key here is more important than mode (major or minor) the recapitulation provides the needed balance even if the materials mode is changed, so long as there is no longer any key conflict. Exceptions to the recapitulation form include Mozart and Haydn works that often begin with the second subject group when the first subject group has been elaborated at ength in the development. After the closing cadency, the musical controversy proper is state to be compl eted. If the movement continues, it is said to have a coda. Coda After the final cadence of the recapitulation, the movement may continue with a coda which will contain material from the movement proper. Codas, when present, vary considerably in length, but like introductions are not part of the argument of the work. The coda will end, however, with a perfect authentic cadence in the original key.Codas may be quite brief tailpieces, or they may be precise long and elaborate. A famous example of the more broad type is the coda to the first movement of Beethovens Eroica Symphony (no. 3 in E flat), although there are numerous others in Beethovens music. Explanations for why an extended coda is present vary. One reason may be to omit the repeat of the development and recapitulation sections found in earlier sonata forms of the eighteenth century. Indeed, Beethovens extended codas often serve the purpose of further development of thematic material.